Homo Aquaticus?
I. Introduction
When the human brain is compared with the brains of apes there are several obvious differences; the centers for the sense of smell and foot control are larger in apes than in humans, but the centers for hand control, airway control, vocalization, language and thought are larger in humans. In my paper, I will describe the most defined differences of brain size and centers between humans and their closest relatives, chimpanzees, to compare them with other mammals and to draw conclusions about the evolution history of humans.
II. Brain Evolution
Humans and chimpanzees are biochemically (DNA) and therefore probably phylogenetically (evolution relationships), more alike than chimps and gorillas.
But the brains of chimps and humans differ in size and anatomy more than gorillas and chimps. The brains of chimps and gorillas probably didn't go through many evolutionary innovations, because they generally resemble other ape and monkey brains. This implies that the human brain changed a lot after the human/chimp evolution. With the exception of the olferactory bulb (scent), all brain structures are larger in humans than in apes. The neocortex (part of the cerebral cortex), for instance is over three times larger than in chimps, even though chimps and humans are pretty close to equal in body weight.
Each side of the brain is diveded by the central sulces into independant halves. Just before the central sulcus lies the post-central cortex, where the opposite body half (right side for left brain, left side for right brain). Just in front of the central sulcus lies the pre-central cortex where the information for the voluntary movements leave tthe brain. The pre-central area is called primary motor cortex, and also "Area 4" in primates.
III. Human and Chimp Cortex Differences
In humans Area 4 is almost twice as large as it is in chimpanzees. The part of Area 4 that commands the movement of the leg, foot and toes is smaller in humans than apes. This leaves more room for the part that controls the hand, fingers and thumb. Even bigger is the lower part of human Area 4, related to the mouth and brething and vocal cords. The post central cortex is enlarged the same as Area 4.
In front of the primate Area 4 lie the cortex areas (pre-motor) that tell
Area 4 what to do. In front of the enlarged part of human Area 4 is the Area of
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...ain. Is there any relation between right/left-handedness and the location of the sound- interpereting/making device? The fact that the control of our dominant hand is usually situated on the hemisphere of speech centers could mean that the earliest language use in human ancestors were the naming of objects that were manipulated or pointed at with the right hand. Or is it simply cooincidence.
VII. Conclusions
The changes in human brain anatomy, compared with the brain anatomy of apes and monkeys, fits with the aquatic theory of human evolution and have relationships with aquatic and semiaquatic mammals.
Reduced olfaction is typically seen in aquatic mammals.
Diminished foot control is a feature of nonarboreal (not living in trees) mammals. Very refined finger control is a feature of shallow-water feeders.
Perfect control of the airway entrances is essential in diving mammals.
Elaborated vocal ability is seen in aquatic mammals.
A large brain is seen in aquatic mammals such as seals and toothed whales.
Brain asymmetry leads to an aquatic ancestor in human evolution history.
Result: Homo Aquaticus? I think so. And I thik I have proved to myself well enough to believe in the theory.
The skeletal system frames our entire bodies and protects our fragile inner organs. We have two major types of bone in our body: compact bone and spongy bone. Compact bone is dense and looks smooth, while spongy bone is comprised of small needle-like pieces of bone with lots of open spaces. Our body contains 206 bones. The skeleton is separated into axial and appendicular sections. The axial skeleton includes the bones in the longitudinal axis of our body. The appendicular skeleton consists of the limbs and girdles of the body, such as our arms and shoulders. There are four different classifications of bone, determined by their shape. Long bones are shafts with ‘heads’ on both sides. Our limbs contain mostly long bones. Short bones
In recent years, the Homo Neanderthalensis were viewed as “subhuman brutes”, but are now seen as a different species from our own (Balter 2001). The Neanderthals were a branch of the Homo genus that evolved in Eurasia at least 200,000 years ago (Fagan 2010). The first Neand...
Touch---travels through spinal cord---into medulla---left side functions of the body is controlled by the right side of the brain and the right side of the body is controlled by the left side of the brain.
Nicholls, L., & Webb, C. (2006). What makes a good midwife? An integrative review of methodologically-diverse research. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 56(4), 414-429. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.04026.x
In part one, Petersen paints a picture of how he became interested in the topic of communication. He also describes major problems that all communicators have in common. Since he grew up in an environment full of communication deficiencies, it drove him to clarify issues that were common to all communicators. One of the foundational concepts to Petersen’s book is the nature of communication. Petersen called communication the lubrication designed to keep functions of stomach, heart, and head working separately and together. The stomach is the source of feeling words, the heart is the source of perspective words, and the head is the source of our perception of facts. Without these three elements working together, communication becomes deficient. In my experience and understanding how this concept of thinking and feeling affects mine and others people relationships goes a long way towards reducing disagreement and disconnection.
The main question is to why is there such an uneasiness around vaccinations? The answer is former Dr. Andrew Wakefield. Mr. Wakefield s a British former surgeon, known for his fraudulent 1998 research paper in support of the now-discredited claim that there is a link between the administration of the MMR vaccine and autism. He wrote two papers, both of which have been debunked. “Wakefield's hypothesis was that the MMR vaccine causes a series of events that include intestinal inflammation, loss of intestinal barrier function, entrance into the bloodstream of encephalopathic proteins, and consequent development of autism. In support of his hypothesis Dr. Wakefield described 12 children with neurodevelopmental delay (8 with autism). All of these children had gastrointestinal complaints and developed autism within 1 month of receiving MMR” (Immunization). After this first paper there was no real investigation into his findings until 2003, which gave ample time for panic to spread.
The proponents of the separate species hypothesis believe that they had a common ancestor, but Neanderthals and modern humans were separate species. They argue that the Neanderthal line was a dead end, and that for some reason Homo sapiens thrived while they went extinct.
hands. He also has thin legs which are very long. Hawkeye is much like a Metis
It is vital that individual differences are ironed out through open discussion by identifying and accommodating them in a mutually exclusive interpersonal communication. Personal communication is the foundation of resolving individual differences, which go a long way to produce harmony, respect and love into the relationship. The exchange of information, feelings, and meaning through verbal and non-verbal messages appreciate make marriage last till eternity.
Childhood vaccinations have received a lot of media in the past few years, and parents continue to question whether or not they should have their children vaccinated. This topic is a very important issue because it seems to be a trend in our society where parents are not vaccinating their children. This then leads their children becoming more susceptible to unnecessary diseases/viruses that can be prevented with vaccines. The focus of the following articles was on the association of the specific vaccines measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR), and vaccines containing thimerosal, which has been a speculated reason for the cause of autism. This contentious hypothesis has many parents failing to vaccinate their children; this is especially true of many friends and family members of mine. They believe that vaccines can cause autism, and I want to prove otherwise.
The first Measles vaccination was introduced in 1963, the improved upon in 1968. During the years of 1967 and 1968, a vaccination for Mumps and Rubella was also introduced. The three vaccines were combined in 1971, and called the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine (Immunization Action Coalition, “Measles: Questions and Answers”). One dosage of the MMR vaccination was proven to protect about 90-95% of children, then in 1989 the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Prevention’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices decided to change the dose from one to two, raising the percent of children protected to about 97% (National Network for Immunization Information (NNii), “Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR)”). The CDC reported that 95% percent of children receiving their first dose of the MMR vaccine between the ages of 12 months and 15 months become immune to measles, mumps, and rubella after this initial dose. Those not becoming immune after the first does become immune after the second dose given between ages four years old and six years old (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Vaccines”). Thanks to these changes made measles, mumps, and rubella have become nearly eliminated in the United States. However, to ensure that these diseases do not spread from countries not vaccinating, it is important that we continue with our current program. While the MMR vaccination is the safest way to ensure that we do not have an outbreak, the vaccination has been a source of controversy over the years. At one time, the MMR vaccine was thought to be unsafe because not only does it overwhelm your immune system, but also the vaccine contained toxic additives, and was thought to be linked to Autism. Studies have since pro...
Short bones – these include Carpals and Tarsals .These are identified by them being nearly as wide as they are long.
...her cortical areas. It plays a role in voluntary and involuntary motor control and is located between the midbrain and medulla oblongata. (fleming-Mcphillips, 2011)
hand. So everyone should let go and express the way they feel to an extent where they do not go insane.
hands it generally makes it easier. If you have more brains then you have more ways to solve a problem. I