THIS IS AN ESSAY DISCUSSING ON HOMEOSTASIS WHILE EXPLAINING THE FEEDBACK SYSTEM AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM TO REGULATE BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS, THERMOREGULATION AND OSMOREGULATION
Homeostasis is derived from two Greek words: ‘homeo’ which means similar, and ‘stasis’ which means stable. From this we can define homeostasis as the tendency of the body to maintain and regulate a stable internal environment (Study.com, 2015). The body has to maintain the internal environment in order to survive which means having the concentration of nutrients, gases, ions, temperature and water at the absolute optimum. If the balance is disrupted, either by external forces or internal imbalances, then the body controls these changes made by the stimulus by using systems
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In homeostasis, a negative feedback usually means that the response made by the body is reversing the change made by the stimulus. When the feedback is positive, it means that the stimulus is intensified or enhanced. It is not usually dangerous but a severe imbalance may lead to death.
The skin is considered to be the largest organ in the body. It is involved in thermoregulation therefore needs the feedback system to make sure that the core body temperature is at 35⁰c -37⁰c. Temperature is controlled by the thermoregulatory centre known as the hypothalamus. The skin is made up of 3 major layers: the epidermis, dermis and the hypodermis. The epidermis is found at the outermost layer of the skin coated with keratin and it mainly consists of the melanin that forms the skin colour/complexion.
(Commons.wikimedia.org, 2013) figure 2: the structure of the skin and the different
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Roughly 6 hours after eating, the levels of glucose concentration drops which triggers the pancreas islets to produce glucagon as seen in the figure above (hypoglycaemia). It then signals the liver and muscle cells to break down glycogen (which was energy stored) into glucose to raise the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream. This is known as Glycogenolysis (Study.com, 2015). When the body is in the fasting state, it means that concentration of glucose is very low therefore the body needs to speed up the formation of glucose. In this case, the process of Gluconeogenesis occurs whereby glucose is formed from carbon of a non-carbohydrate substrate such as
While the respiratory and cardiovascular systems are most reliant on one another, all body systems require a functioning circulatory cycle in order to thrive. Blood circulation and consistent transfer of oxygen to cells is required to maintain cell and tissue life. Disturbances to this process will cause cells and tissues to die (Red Cross 48). This state of balance and functioning body systems is referred to as homeostasis, defined as a “condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment due to constant interaction of body’s many regulatory processes” (Tortura 8). Changes or disruptions to homeostasis are regulated by the Endocrine and Nervous systems of the body. The endocrine system is made up of glands placed throughout the body
Our body obtains the energy by digesting the carbohydrates into glucose. Volumes of glucose are required by the body to create ATP. ATP is short for 'Adenosine Triphosphate ' and is an energy carrier. When we consume too many carbohydrates our body produces a lot of glucose and as a result blood glucose levels rise and sometimes they may rise over the normal range of blood glucose concentration. To bring it back within the healthy range, the homeostatic system of blood glucose regulation is used. The blood flows through the pancreas where the beta cells, receptors, detect the high blood glucose level. To counteract this stimuli beta cells alert the control centre, which are also the beta cells located in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. The secretion of insulin has to be done quickly but can only be carried out when insulin gene is switched on. Turning on the insulin gene switch can take 30 minutes to an hour therefore, the production of insulin by beta cells are done in advance and are packaged in vesicles right until blood glucose rises. Glucose comes into the beta cell to trigger the vesicle that contains the insulin to move towards the plasma membrane and fuse. This releases the insulin into the bloodstream where they are distributed throughout the body and only affect specific target cells. The receptor, a protein, on the target cell’s plasma membrane recognises and connects
Skin is the organ that covers our internal organs and tissues. It provides for the sense of touch, helps to protect us from invading bacteria and infections, aids in regulating our internal body temperature and water balance and, with the help of the sun, provides us with Vitamin D, which is essential in the development of bones. It is the largest organ of the human body. It has two types, the thick skin found on the palms of the hands and the bottoms of the feet, and thin skin which covers the rest of the body.
Prolonged stress or distress can be a hindrance to the homeostasis of the animal and cause responses in the body that induce the animal to overwork its physiological systems. The animals that endure this prolonged stress are placed into an inevitable environment or circumstance where the animal either is or feels trapped or captured.
The postabsorptive state is the period when the GI tract is empty and energy comes from the breakdpwn of our body’s reserves. The importance of the postabsorptive state is to maintain blood glucose levels. The brain fuels itself using glucose as its energy source. We can get glucose from stored glycogen, tissue proteins, and some from fats. The first available store of glucose is in the liver’s stores of glycogen. These stores can maintain blood sugar levels for around four hours. When the liver stores begin to get small, glycogenolysis begins to take place in skeletal muscles. The glucose in the skeletal muscles is converted to pyruvic acid, which enters the blood and is converted back to glucose by the liver and again reenters the blood.
The integumentary system has five main functions. The five main functions of the integumentary system are protection, regulation, sensation, absorption, and secretion. It consists of the hair, nails, skin, sebaceous and sweat glands. The largest organ of the entire body is the skin. The skin consists of three different layers. The epidermis, the dermis, and the subcutaneous layer, these are the three layers of the skin. There is a layer that is deeper than the skin and contains body fat, that layer is called the hypodermis. Sweat glands are also called sudoriferous glands. One of the functions of the skin is to maintain homeostasis. Synthesis of vitamin D, excretion of urea, excretion of salts and water are a few things that the skin is also capable of. The top layer of the skin is called the epidermis. The epidermis contains five different layers. These layers are the stratum corneum, the stratum lucidum, the stratum spinosum, and the stratum basale. In the epidermis there are four different cell types. The keratinocytes which produce keratin, the merkel cells that are sensitive to touch, the langerhans cells which is a dendritic type off cell, and the melanocytes which produce melanin.
The integumentary system is composed of the skin and the structures related to the skin, which include the hair, the finger nails, the sensory receptors and the glands (Shier, Butler, & Lewis, 2009). This system has an important function since it provides protection to the body, helps to maintain body temperature, and contains sensory receptors (p.117). The skin has essential function such as regulating homeostasis and body temperature, also delaying the loss of water from deeper tissues, storing sensory receptor, synthesizing biomechanical, and discharging waste from the body (p.117). The skin has two layers: the epidermis (outer layer) and the dermis (inner layer) (p.117). There is also a subcutaneous layer or hypodermis (p.117). According to Shier, Butler, and Lewis 2009 “as its name indicates, this layer is beneath the skin and not a true layer of the skin” (p.117). This layer has the blood vessels that supply the skin (p.117).
Homeostasis is a system that is needed to regulate the internal parts of the body such as temperature or bone homeostasis. The process of homeostasis is important to ensure the internal body is kept stable and to keep the conditions within the body the same as this allows the body to function properly.
Immediately after a high carbohydrate meal, Insulin secrets rapidly due to glucose absorption into blood. This insulin act on many tissues in body and insulin turn causes rapid uptake, storage and use of glucose almost all issues of the body, but especially by the muscles, adipose tissue and liver. (8)
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment within a living organism. Excretion is the removal from the body of waste products made in the cells during metabolism. Osmoregulation is the homeostatic control of body water. Water intake needs to balance with water loss. Urea is instantly converted from ammonia, as it is a less soluble and less toxic compound.
When fasting your body eats fatty acids, and ketone bodies, which then release energy in the process.
I have chosen to do my essay on the largest organ of the body, skin. It has several functions vital to the survival of the body as I will discuss in the following paragraphs.
There are many enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in cells through control mechanisms, which keep humans in chemical balance. There are two systems that have a major responsibility for regulating body chemistry known as the endocrine system and nervous system. The endocrine system depends on chemical messengers that flow in the bloodstream known as hormones. Hormones travel to target cells, where they connect with receptors that initiate chemical changes within cells. The nervous system depends on neurotransmitters that are electrical impulses in nerve cells activated by its own chemical messengers. The nervous system counts on a much faster means of circulation. This cycle is what allows drugs to work so well, because they mimic the crucial role of hormones and neurotransmitters in the function of the human body.
Lastly, blood is involved in maintaining homeostasis by negative feedback loops such as temperature regulation, blood pH, blood glucose levels, and blood pressure.
The skin has 3 main function. It has to regulate body temperature, remove waste (perspiration), and protect. The skin is made up of 3 layers. The epidermis is the outer thinner layer of the skin that is made up of dead and living cells. The dermis is the thicker middle layer of the skin that contains blood vessels and nerves. Sweat glands are found in the dermis, they secrete perspiration through ducts to pores on the skin’s surface. To avoid problems like warts, boils, moles, acne, and sunburn you can wash your body daily, wear sunscreen that is 15 or higher, and check your body often...