Homeostasis Essay
explanatory Essay
1601 words
The highest mortality rate in trauma patients with massive haemorrhage initially develops with hypothermia, coagulopathy and acidosis. Coagulopathy, which can be defined as the disorder whereby the body experiences the inability of the blood to coagulate, together with hypothermia and acidosis, form the three main components of “the trauma triad of death”(Anthony et al, 2005) and in lieu of this fact, it is important to ascertain the role of temperature on maintaining homeostasis. With this in mind, an experiment to investigate how the temperature of clotting chemicals affect blood coagulation in the circulatory system, specifically in the cases of hyperthermia and hypothermia, and the effects on homeostasis within the body, will be performed.
Human homeostasis according to Marieb et al (2007) refers “to the body’s ability to physiologically regulate its inner environment to ensure its stability in response to fluctuations in the outside environment and the weather.” The article goes on to state that a condition known as Homeostatic imbalance occurs when the body fails to maintain homeostasis and this may lead to death. Therefore, thermoregulation plays an important part in human homeostasis, as humans are warm- blooded, needing to maintain a near-constant body temperature. Extremes of temperature, both high and low, therefore, pose serious stresses for the human body which can lead to injury and death. When the body experiences severe trauma, body temperature drops significantly, which in turn causes coagulopathy and, in cases of excessive bleeding, proves fatal. The survival of the patient is therefore dependent on the maintenance of haemostasis, the process whereby bleeding is halted, coagulation being the major part. As expla...
... middle of paper ...
...uring trauma resuscitation. Hyperthermia, on the other hand, does not seem to have a significant effect on coagulation. Measures have been taken in hospitals and trauma units in recent years to warm the rooms and patients (without inducing hyperthermia) using warming blankets, heaters etc. Dirkmann et al (2008) reinforces this view when they state that “massive haemorrhage in patients with major trauma is the second most common cause of death and the most common in-hospital mortality during the first 48 hour and early post-operative period.” Like Anthony et al, they state that the highest mortality occurs in patients with hypothermia, acidosis and coagulopathy. So with this “lethal triad of trauma” in mind, it is necessary to insure that hypothermia in trauma patients and post-operative patients is prevented, and if not, must be carefully monitored and controlled.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the highest mortality rate in trauma patients with massive haemorrhage develops with hypothermia, coagulopathy and acidosis.
- Explains that human homeostasis refers to the body's ability to physiologically regulate its inner environment to ensure stability in response to fluctuations in the outside environment and the weather.
- Describes the main function of the blood circulatory system to maintain homeostasis.
- Explains that the highest mortality rate in trauma patients with massive haemorrhage develops with hypothermia, coagulopathy and acidosis.
- Explains that human homeostasis refers to the body's ability to physiologically regulate its inner environment to ensure stability in response to fluctuations in the outside environment and the weather.
- Describes the main function of the blood circulatory system to maintain homeostasis.
- Explains that hypothermia impairs platelet aggregation and causes coagulopathy in factor-deficient plasma at 35c, without dilution.
- Explains that dirkmann et al evaluated whole blood coagulation to determine the effects of hypothermia and/or acidosis.
- Explains that rohrer et al investigated the effects of hypothermia on the coagulation cascade. prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times were performed 15 times on samples of pooled normal plasma at temperatures of 37 c, 31,
- Explains that wolberg et al (2004) explored the view that hypothermia reduced platelet and enzyme activity which contributed to coagulopathy.
- Explains that ramaker et al (2009) looked at the effects of acidosis, alkalosis and hyperthermia on haemostas
- Explains that reed et al (1992) in their article hypothermia and blood coagulation: dissociation between enzyme activity and clotting levels worked on the assumption that because of the enzymatic nature of activated
- Explains that the experiment will investigate how the temperature of clotting chemicals affect blood coagulation in the circulatory system.
- Concludes that hypothermia impairs coagulation and is a major component of the "trauma triad of death" as described by anthony et al (2005).
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In this essay, the author
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- Explains that homeostasis controls the variables that are effecting the condition of our bodies. it can't do it without help of course.
- Explains that communication helps the body remain in homeostasis. the homeostatic control system includes the variable, receptor or detector, the control center, effectors, and last our response.
- Explains that homeostasis uses neural pathways to follow the pattern, which includes an afferent path that brings sensory messages into the brain.
- Explains that in most homeostasis patterns there is a feedback loop. negative feedback is when the body reduces the stimulus back to original, while positive feedback increases the original stimulus.
- Explains that positive feedback is the opposite of negative feedback. it boosts the stimulus making the internal environments not as good as they should be.
- Explains that the nervous system helps maintain homeostasis by sending chemical messages to the brain regarding the status of certain things.
542 wordsRead More - Therapeutic Hypothermia Essayexplanatory essayTherapeutic hypothermia is deliberately reducing core body temperature in a patient after a cardiac arrest. Therapeutic hypothermia slows cerebral metabolism to reduce the need of oxygen to allow the brain to rest and return to normal function (Deckard. 2011). Irreversible neurological damage and death are common outcomes after cardiac arrest, even after resuscitation is initiated (Erbs. 2012.p. 38). Implementing therapeutic hypothermia shortly after a cardiac arrest can improve the outcomes of neurological damage and reducing risk of death.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that therapeutic hypothermia reduces core body temperature in a patient after cardiac arrest. it slows cerebral metabolism to reduce the need of oxygen to allow the brain to rest and return to normal function.
- Explains that ethical concerns related to therapeutic hypothermia include autonomy, right to self-determination, advance directives, and living wills. the patient has moral and legal rights to accept, refuse or terminate care.
- Explains that technology defensebeneficence is doing good, to benefit others, and to prevent harm. therapeutic hypothermia has been proven to improve neurological damage and reduce the risk of death after a cardiac arrest.
- Explains that therapeutic hypothermia reduces core body temperature in a patient after cardiac arrest. it slows cerebral metabolism to reduce the need of oxygen to allow the brain to rest and return to normal function.
- Explains that ethical concerns related to therapeutic hypothermia include autonomy, right to self-determination, advance directives, and living wills. the patient has moral and legal rights to accept, refuse or terminate care.
- Explains that technology defensebeneficence is doing good, to benefit others, and to prevent harm. therapeutic hypothermia has been proven to improve neurological damage and reduce the risk of death after a cardiac arrest.
497 wordsRead More - Review an analysisexplanatory essayBibliographic information: Nielsen N, Wetterslev J, Cronberg T, Erlinge D, Gasche Y, Hassager C, Horn J, Hovdenes J, Kjaergaard J, Kuiper M, Pellis T, Stammet P, Wanscher M, Wise MP, Aneman A, Al-Subaie N, Boesgaard S, Bro-Jeppesen J, Brunetti I, Bugge JF, Hingston CD, Juffermans NP, Koopmans M, Køber L, Langørgen J, Lilja G, Møller JE, Rundgren M, Rylander C, Smid O, Werer C, Winkel P, Friberg H; TTM Trial Investigators. Targeted temperature management at 330c versus 360c after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2013 Dec 5;369 (23):2197-206. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1310519. Epub 2013 Nov 17
In this essay, the author
- Explains that targeted temperature management at 330c did not show any reduction in mortality rate in unconscious out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients.
- Cites nielsen n, wetterslev j, cronberg t, erlinge d, gasche y, hassager c, horn j. targeted temperature management at 330c versus 360c after cardiac arrest
- Explains the purpose of the study was to evaluate effect of targeted temperature management (ttm) at 330c compare to ttm 360c on survival and neurological benefits in unconscious out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients.
- Explains that targeted temperature management at 330c did not show any reduction in mortality rate in unconscious out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients.
- Cites nielsen n, wetterslev j, cronberg t, erlinge d, gasche y, hassager c, horn j. targeted temperature management at 330c versus 360c after cardiac arrest
- Explains the purpose of the study was to evaluate effect of targeted temperature management (ttm) at 330c compare to ttm 360c on survival and neurological benefits in unconscious out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients.
- Explains that the study was funded by non-profit, foundation or government agencies, such as the swedish heart lung foundation, afa insurance foundation, the swedish research council, regional research support, and governmental funding of clinical research within swedish national health services.
- Describes the study as a parallel, multicenter, randomized and stratified trial. the study population was randomly assigned to either targeted temperature management at 330c or 360c.
- Explains the primary outcome of the study was mortality rate observed after completion of trial. the secondary outcome was poor neurological function or death evaluation at or around 180 days.
- Explains that the main study analysis was performed in all randomized patients who received study treatment. continuous study outcome measures were evaluated by wilcoxon signed rank test and long-rank test.
- Explains that targeted temperature management at 330c did not show any reduction in mortality rate in unconscious out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients.
- Opines that the study was multicentric randomized, with clear outcome measures. the sample size was sufficient and accurately calculated considering 90% p and two tailed 0.05 type i error.
- Explains that health care professionals who were caring patients were aware of study treatment assignment, which may induce investigator bias.
- Explains that in this study cooling initiation timing is not specified, and it is unclear whether cooling was initiated immediately after sedation before or after.
- Explains nielsen, wetterslev, cronberg, gasche, hassager, hovdenes, kjaergaard, kuiper, stammet, wanscher, wise,
- Explains rittenberger jc, callaway cw. temperature management and modern post-cardiac arrest care.
- Explains that prehospital induction of mild hypothermia on survival and neurological status among adults with cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial.
- Explains the primary objective of the study, which was to evaluate the effect of ttm at 330c on mortality rate, and the secondary objective, to assess neurological function. the study population was randomized using computer generated assignment sequence in 1:1 ratio.
- Advises readers to incorporate aggressive care with targeted temperature management in their practice to improve survival time in patients who are hospitalized after cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
911 wordsRead More - Aeromedical Ultrasound During Helicopter Transport: A Case Studycomparative essayDiscussion Because the early recognition of potentially life-threatening conditions is critical to providing appropriate care to the traumatically injured patient this study provides solid statistical data that flight crews can adequately perform and interpret POCUS results as well as out trauma team colleagues. This study could lead to a reduction of iatrogenic injuries from unnecessary invasive prehospital procedures, allow for early initiation of Massive Transfusion Protocols (MTP) prior to the patient's arrival at the Trauma Center, and potentially develop a change in trauma systems notification and transportation directly to the operating room. Conclusion Despite this study developing a very positive outlook on performing aeromedical POCUS for the evaluation and care of trauma patients additional
In this essay, the author
- Explains that aeromedical efast examinations are highly correlated with the trauma team's findings. the study could lead to a reduction of iatrogenic injuries from unnecessary invasive prehospital procedures.
- Compares the results of point-of-care ultrasound (pocus) performed by air medical providers upon trauma patients with injuries confirmed upon arrival to level 1 trauma center.
- Explains that aeromedical efast examinations are highly correlated with the trauma team's findings. the study could lead to a reduction of iatrogenic injuries from unnecessary invasive prehospital procedures.
- Compares the results of point-of-care ultrasound (pocus) performed by air medical providers upon trauma patients with injuries confirmed upon arrival to level 1 trauma center.
520 wordsRead More - Hypothermia Research Paperexplanatory essayThe severity of hypothermia has been classified, as moderate with 32–34◦C, as mild 34–36◦C and as severe hypothermia when the temperature is less than 32◦C [2]. Intense shivering may occur between 34 and 36◦C which increases the oxygen demand and metabolic rate [3]. The hypothermic patients may be in a state of abnormal breathing and deep tendon reflexes. Changes in cardiac and coagulation systems such as the ventricle becomes irritable below the threshold temperature for ventricular fibrillation, i.e. 25 to 28◦C [4]. The adverse effects of hypothermia in the injured patient are shown in Table1
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the human body contains 4 to 6 liters of blood, depending on the body size. the blood must be refrigerated at cold temperature and cooled to below +10c during transportation.
- Explains that hypothermia is a sudden decrease in core body temperature less than 35c which is associated with increased mortality and morbidity.
- Describes the adverse effects of hypothermia in trauma.
- Explains that the human body contains 4 to 6 liters of blood, depending on the body size. the blood must be refrigerated at cold temperature and cooled to below +10c during transportation.
- Explains that hypothermia is a sudden decrease in core body temperature less than 35c which is associated with increased mortality and morbidity.
- Describes the adverse effects of hypothermia in trauma.
- Explains that the existing blood warmer techniques can be classified as countercurrent heat exchanger, dry heater, microwave, blood warmer using peltier, screw and split.
- Explains that the ideal blood warmer should be able to deliver the blood safely at normothermia at both high and low flow rates.
496 wordsRead More - A Summary Of Shiveringexplanatory essayNursing care provided to these cooled patients is meticulous and demanding evidenced by the many considerations that need to be considered and acted upon during this time of care. The human body responds to cooling of the core body temperature with shivering because it uses energy to produce heat in hopes that it will raise the temperature back to the appropriate range. Shivering must be subdued because it is counter productive to the intended effects; most protocols call for a weight-based dose of midazolam or propofol which are both sedative medications that will inhibit the shivering. Secondly, hyperglycemia is common with a low core body temperature and finger Accuchecks may be inaccurate due to extreme vasoconstriction of the blood
In this essay, the author
- Explains that nursing care for cooled patients is meticulous and demanding. the human body responds to cooling of the core body temperature with shivering because it uses energy to produce heat.
- Explains that nursing care for cooled patients is meticulous and demanding. the human body responds to cooling of the core body temperature with shivering because it uses energy to produce heat.
120 wordsRead More - Homeopathy Essayargumentative essayHomeopathy is a type of alternative medicine. The beneficial effects of homeopathic medicines are controversial (1). Homeopathic medicines are based on the premise that like is cured by like. This premise states that a disease can be treated with a substance that causes the same signs and symptoms in a healthy individual.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that homeopathy is a type of alternative medicine. the beneficial effects of homeopathic medicines are controversial.
- Argues that homeopathic medicines do not have a biological effect, but there are studies that do show beneficial effects.
- Explains that shang et al compared placebo-controlled trails of homeopathy and allopathy. they found 110 eligible placebo controlled homeopathic trials and the cochrane controlled trials register.
- Explains that homeopathy is a type of alternative medicine. the beneficial effects of homeopathic medicines are controversial.
- Argues that homeopathic medicines do not have a biological effect, but there are studies that do show beneficial effects.
- Explains that shang et al compared placebo-controlled trails of homeopathy and allopathy. they found 110 eligible placebo controlled homeopathic trials and the cochrane controlled trials register.
- Explains that the outcome of each trial was standardized to an odd’s ratio. the quality of the trials was assessed by thee factors: randomisation, masking and data analysis.
- Explains that the methodological quality of the homeopathic trials and the conventional medicine trials were similar. the odds ratios showed in most trials a beneficial effect.
- Explains that s plotted the studies in a funnel plot. the smaller trials with high se showed more beneficial effects, and meta-regression analysis was performed between se and treatment effect.
- Explains that s determined the odds ratio of only the largest trials of homeopathy (8 trials) and conventional medicine (6 trials).
- Explains s assumed that the effects of placebo-controlled homeopathic trials could be explained by bias. the analysis that was restricted to the large trials confirmed the hypothesis.
- States that the article expands on the fact that this study only measured specific effects of homeopathic medicines.
- Concludes that there are no beneficial effects in placebo-controlled trails, but the context effects of homeopathic treatment should be further examined.
- Opines that the critique of thurneysen is valid, but he does not reject the fact that homeopathic medicine is less effective than conventional medicine.
835 wordsRead More