Holsti’s Conceptual Interpretations of International Systems

When exploring the relationships between nations, a number of conceptual models exist. Each model purports to explain and predict the interactions between international actors. Three of these schools of thought were initially enumerated in The Dividing Discipline: Hegemony and Diversity in International Theory. (K. J. Holsti, 1985) These schools were the “Classical Paradigm”, “Theory of Global Society”, and the “Neo-Marxist” conceptual models. This paper will explore each of Kalevi Holsti’s three schools of thought and the unique advantages and disadvantages of each. Through the exploration of each, this paper will determine which model provides the most accurate conceptual framework for understanding and interpreting the current reality of international relations.

The first school of thought that we will explore is the “Classical Paradigm” also known as “Realism”. Proponents of this school argue that its assumptions can be found as early as in the accounts of Thucydides nearly three millennia ago. (Nye 13) When examining Realism there are number of important factors to note. First Realists consider their perspective to be empirical rather than normative. Hans Morgenthau, one of the most influential figures in the realist school as established by recent polling amongst International Relations Experts (Maliniak, Oakes, & Tierny, 2007) stated, “Politics is…governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature.” (Morgenthau, 1967)

The Classical Paradigm is a somewhat, pessimistic conceptual model primarily associated with Europe, has as a fundamental tenet that humanity is deeply flawed, combative and competitive. The quintessential character of the Classical Paradigm can be expressed through Thomas Hobbes statement...

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K. J. Holsti. The Dividing Discipline: Hegemony and Diversity in International Theory. London, 1985.

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Morgenthau. Politics Among Nations. 4th. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1967.

Nye, Joseph S. Understanding International Conflicts: An Introduction to Theory and History . London: Pearson/Longman, 2009.

Wallerstein, Immanuel. The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Originsof the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York: Academic Press, 1976.

Waltz, Kenneth. Theory of International Politice. United States: McGraw-Hill, 1979.