Hollander introduces us acquainted with a concept known as idiosyncrasy credits. The main notion of Hollander's theory is that, an individual should first conform to the group rules, and then, come up with new ideas, which is one of the most important aspects in Hollander's theory of leadership. The main aim of the leaders in their early stage; is to build up credit with rest of their partners. Credit is one of the most essential aspects, which gives the people legitimacy, to exercise the power over the same group members, and to introduce new norms that are beneficial for the people. Hollander termed idiosyncrasy credits, because according to his perception; the concept may be new and innovative, which is only possessed by a leader. It is a fact, that when an individual builds more credit, the group tolerates more of his idiosyncratic behavior (Brown, 2000). It has been examined that according to group members, idiosyncrasy credit is considered to be a reliable and a positive form, when compared to leadership.
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As per Hollander, credits are an important asset for a person, as it carries a positive image of a person. It is a fact, that high status group members will have more credit as compared to low status group members, because he has contributed more for the organization, as compared to the new group member. The other group members will follow the high status leader, as he has more credit in the organization in comparison to the one who is new and has zero credit (Forsyth, 2009). This will allow the high status group member to exercise the power, and will have legitimacy over other group members. The group members instead of following the low status members who have very low credit will follow high status members, and will also follow the legitimate power exercised by the high status
This paper has summarized some prominent studies about leadership styles. Before understanding the styles which I may choose to practice, extensive studies on various leadership theories and approaches have been carried out. After conducting this research paper, I believe that there is no one-size-fits-all style for leadership. Lewin’s Model and Belbin’s Team Role Model have extended my knowledge and they have encouraged me to learn to assume different roles or styles in different possible situations. Therefore, I can get acquainted more easily to carrying out teamwork in my future job.
On leadership is a book which deserve to be read by us. Although this book use a precise formation to help us to examine a widely comprehensive aspects of the leadership, there are some drawbacks. Gardner cited different examples to talk about leadership, but just in a particular area, that is political area. So,
“Leadership is an influence relationship among leaders and followers who intend real changes that reflect their mutual purposes” (Rost, 1931). But in today’s time, the styles of leadership are changed every time a new technology is invented or discovered so there is lack of persistency. The only thing which manages to stay constant is the principles of carrying out business activities. There are philosophies and ideologies on leadership which can be used in any time period as they are mostly a reflection of the principles of leadership. Theorists and authors like Hobbes (1679), Lewin (1947) and Aristotle (384–322 B.C.), in their time have produced enough material which can be put into use by modern day leaders and managers. Philosophers like Aristotle, who was known to be one of the most business-oriented and practical philosopher of his time, his work is still used by businesses today because of their relevance as he is interested in defining principles in terms of the ethics of leadership (Santa Clara University). In the essay I have tried to show how leadership has adapted to the changes around them and compared to the past and what circumstances caused need to change it. As a layman, anyone would think that the principles centuries ago will be very different to what we follow now but after studying on Hobbes, Lewin and Aristotle it has made a big impact on my way of thinking because the work produced by them still has more relevance compared to some of the work produced now. I have tried to explain the evolvement of leadership through three aspects which are psychology, sociology and philosophy.
Mullen, Brian, Cynthia Symons, Li-Tze Hu and Eduardo Salas. "Group Size, Leadership Behavior, and Subordinate Satisfaction." The Journal of General Psychology. v116 i2 p155, Apr. 1989.
...the author believes that the comparison of the Leader-member exchange, the situational approach to leadership, and the premise of emotional intelligence has uncovered important leadership truths that may not be mutually exclusive. Surely the enigma of leadership is that it contains many truths, with the only universal truth being that none are universal, but empirically sound to aid the leader in guiding followers and the institutions they comprise.
In civilization, leadership could be a tool to maneuver society from one steady state to another; it is essentially regarding modification. Leaders play a crucial role, not solely as creative thinker and models of reliability in their discrete capability, but also institutionally, in describing, motivating and seeing through transformation. Vision, efficiency and uprightness are at the core of effective leadership. These approaches of leadership are crucial for little and huge scale modification and toward achi...
Thus, a leader may be defined by certain qualities and skills, as well as the demonstrated ability to use certain task-oriented and relational-oriented behaviors that may be dependent on a situation, or simply the desire to accomplish a specific task or goal; furthermore, a leader may also be defined by power along with power’s use or misuse. According to many followers, the most desirable leadership traits are honesty, forward-thinking, competency, inspiration, and intelligence (Shead, 2016). Amongst the follower defined leadership traits, honesty was identified as the essential leadership quality that causes people to follow a leader; thus, the courage to admit failure is the most reliable sign that a leader is honest and accountable to the follower (Shead, 2016). Ultimately, in behavioral science a leader is defined by effectiveness, and, unfortunately, behavioral science is still attempting to define effectiveness by a single leadership
Leaders will often separate in-group and out-group members based on similarities of the group member and the leader. Other characteristics that can play into it are age, gender, or even a member’s personality. A member can be granted in-group status if the leader thinks the member is competent and is going above and beyond to perform the job functions. As mentioned the two groups that members can fall into are in-group and out-group. In-group members are those that share similarities with the leader. Those similarities can be personality, work ethic, common interests, or even alma maters. In-group members often go above and beyond their job description and the leader does more for these members. In-group members will have their opinions and work ideas looked at in higher regard than out-group members. In-group members typically have higher job satisfaction within the group and are less likely to experience turnover. In-group members are often promoted within the organization f...
There tend to be a variety of concepts regarding how, as well as what should undergo consideration when developing leadership in individuals. Scholars have different suggestions on the kind of approaches that should get observed during the practice. As a result, this paper seeks to unravel various forms of leadership approaches, as well as suggesting the best theory that should be in use when creating a perfect leader. Additionally, the work will establish ways of determining the effectiveness of a leadership program.
Groups are an essential component of society as they allow individuals to affiliate themselves with certain people, typically those who are most similar to themselves. Groups also provide social support and a greater sense of belonging for the individual, which is not provided by crowds. Due to the significance of groups, it is important that groups are maintained in organized structures that encourages group harmony and group cohesion. It is essentially the leader’s task to maintain these ideals since the leader has authority over the members of the group.
The leadership is a privilege and it is such a privilege and an honor which will carry the tremendous responsibility which will inspire others to direct them to accomplish goals and vision of the organization. Leadership is about influencing the people, by producing direction, purpose and motivating in order to accomplish the mission, vision and improving the organization. The leadership philosophy is evolved based on the experiences, both positive and negative, in most of the initiatives and activities that we undertake. It is also one among the collaboration and teamwork within which the team members can utilize each other’s strengths to counter the weaknesses of the individuals. By observing, introspecting and experimenting we can developed a leadership paradigm which is inclusive, collaborative and proactive. We can develop the ability to recognize which will approach in order to reach the productive conclusion. The great leaders know their limitations and are capable at utilize their strengths and also the strengths of others to compensate.
”Leadership involves the exhibition of style or behavior by managers or supervisors while dealing with subordinates; leadership is a critical determinant of the employees ' actions toward the achievement of the organizational goals” (Saeed, Almas, Anis-ul-Haq, & Niazi, 2014). Leadership is a strength that initiates, inspires, and guides the cooperation and attitudes of others on the way to set vision. Leadership is influential and involves several styles of approaches that involve trust, accomplishment and focus to reach a projected result. Using and implementing the ideas of others motivates new thinking and gains the confidence to build the trust and encourage everyone to work to the same goals (Northouse,
Fiedler’ model is considered the first highly visible theory to present the contingency approach. It stated that effective groups depend on a proper match between a leader’s style of interacting with subordinates and the degree to which the situation gives control and influence to the leader (Fiedler, 1967). Fiedler argued that the leadership style could be indentified by taking a Least Preferred Co-worker (LPC) questionnaire he designed. When evaluating a least enjoyed co-worker, a relationship oriented leader scores high in LPC, while a task oriented leader scores low. Fiedler identified three contingency or situational dimensions: leader-member relations, task structure, and position power. A leader will have more control if he has better leader-member relations, high structured job, and stronger position power. The task-oriented leaders perform best in situations of high and low control, while relationship-oriented leaders perform best in moderate control situations. Feedler views an individual’s leadership style as fixed. To assure leader effectiveness, either situation needs to change to fit the leader or the leader needs to be replaced to fit the situation. But in reality, a leader can not use a homogeneous style to treat all their followers in a similar fashion in their work unit (Robbins & Judge, 2011, p. 382).
Another important aspect in towards positive group dynamics is to make all members feel accepted in spite of any diversity. Trust is an important trait for the survival of a group. More importantly, the likelihood of accomplishing goals increases with maximum trust and confidence. However, numerous personalities with different backgrounds may cause friction while attempting to resolve conflicts or reaching a consensus. These challenging situations can lead to stress and tension amongst the group members, but when successfully resolved they lead to further strengthening of the bonds and the emergence of a more cohesive group. Also certain measures can be taken to avoid certain petty discrepancies right from the beginning. Specific ground rules; code of ethics and conduct should be established that would encourage smooth functioning and efficient target
Autocratic leaders have been described as controlling, power-orientated and closed-minded (Bass 2008). They stress obedience, loyalty and strict adherence to the rules (Bass 2008). Autocratic leaders may be disliked by their team, but this may evolve into appreciation and fondness once the positive results of their leadership become evident (Bass 2008). Although staffmay dislike autocratic leaders, they often work well under them (Bass 2008). Schoel et al (2011) found that well-liked leaders might be perceived as ineffective while disliked leaders might be perceived as