THE HOMOPHILE YEARS (1940s-60s – WWII, Cold War, McCarthyism):
1940s
· Growth in the urban subculture of gay men and lesbians.
· Government and police harassment, persecution, and investigation of gays.
1950s-1960s
· The homophile movement remained small and relatively marginalized.
End of 1960s
· Rise of activism + “Gay is good”
· Reformist goals:
ü decriminalization of homosexual acts,
ü equal treatment and equal rights under the law,
ü dissemination of accurate,
ü “unbiased” information about homosexuality.
· Achievements:
ü right to publish gay and lesbian magazines,
ü first employment discrimination cases won,
ü constraints on police harassment,
ü dialogue opened in the scientific and religious communities,
ü media visibility,
ü organizational impulse,
ü denunciation of how gays and lesbians are a mistreated, persecuted minority.
· Problems: Society’s hostility against homosexuals and the penalties attached to exposure.
STONEWALL AND THE EMERGENCE OF RADICAL GAY LIBERATION
(1969-e1970s):
June 1969
· Stonewall Riot ð Symbol of a new militance. Result: a radical mass movement.
Early 1970s
· Gay Liberation Front (GLF): Radical gay and lesbian activism.
· Influences: civil rights movement, Black Power movement, white student movement, antiwar movement, and feminism.
· Goals:
ü Attack of the systemic oppression of gays and lesbians.
ü Analysis of gay oppression and sexism.
ü Making common cause with “all the oppressed” and commitment to a larger project of political change.
ü Public demonstrations and emphasis on visibility.
· Achievements:
ü New rhetoric of pride and affirmation.
ü Political, social, and cultural organizations that helped build a movement and a community.
ü Public affirmation of homosexual identity (coming out in public).
· Problems: Employment discrimination, arrests, political conservatism, economic entrenchment, and lack of attention to sexism and racism.
A GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENT (1970s):
· Reformative politics: Rather than try to destroy the old in order to build something new, they sought recognition and inclusion in American society.
ü Gay Activist Alliance (GAA).
ü From liberation to activism.
· Emphasis on coming out and gay rights. They expected and demanded acceptance for who they were.
· Militant and angry protests.
· Language of pride and self-affirmation; rejection of mainstream cultural views of homosexuality.
· Single-issue organizations, completely gay-focused, with clearly specified structures and processes.
· Goals: ending job discrimination, media invisibility, church and military discrimination.
· Achievements:
ü 1973 ð the American Psychiatric Association eliminates homosexuality from its list of mental disorders.
ü less discrimination and harassment,
ü greater visibility,
ü new economic opportunities for gay-oriented businesses (bars, bathhouses, discos, restaurants, etc.
When looking back at the history of jazz, there are two figures who greatly affected the development of the genre and shaped it into more of what we know today. These two are Bix and the Great “Satchmo”. They both have many aspects about them to compare and contrast, including popularity, style background and even race. Louis Armstrong rose to astronomical stardom and is one of the most polarizing figures in the history of jazz music. Inspiring and entertaining millions of people across the world, Louis touched so many people and became one of the biggest celebrities in the entire planet. Almost in direct contrast, Bix Beiderbecke had a very promising and influential career but was only appreciated by few during his time. Bix and his unique
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The background of homosexuality in the 1940’s and 50’s was harsh, but people started to be opened toward the rights. There were criticisms toward homosexuality in the early days of Milk. Gay men carried the labels of mentally ill or psychopathic. Often times, gay men committed suicide from harsh judgement and criticism that always followed them. Even though population of homosexuality grew and had jobs, they were harassed and beaten by the police. There were a lot of disapproval and hostility of homosexuality. Anita Bryant, a singer, made a campaign to oppose the rights of homosexuals. Christian forces and activists withdrew gay-right legislation which lead to Proposition 6. The harshness from background of homosexuality back in the 1940’s and 50’s took the freedom away from the homosexuals. After the harshness, there came a little bit of hope for the homosexuals in San Francisco. Castro, a city in San Francisco, became the center of gay neighborhood. In 1964, gay men formed Society of Individual Right (SIR), and 1,200 members joined. Homosexuals started having good views when Sipple who was gay saved the president from a gunshot. Finally in 1972, Board of Supervisor banned the discrimination law for homosexuals. Even though in 1940...
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Parts of the Great Barrier Reef are over 18 million years old. During this time sea levels have changed, with the Great Barrier Reef being left high and dry during the last ice age, turning into grassy plains. Sea levels rose as ice caps melted around 12 000 years ago, allowing corals to reestablish on old remnant reefs. It is the world’s largest coral reef ecosystem. The Great Barrier Reef is home to 1500 species of fish, 400 species of coral, 40000 species of Mollusk, 500 species of sea weed 215 species of birds, 16 species of sea snake and 6 species of turtle. However over time this diversity is rapidly decreasing, it is vital that the Great Barrier Reef is protected.
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Flint, Michigan, began getting water from Lake Huron and the Detroit River in 1964. Today’s water pipes were installed from 1901-1920 and were made of iron. During this time, iron was a popular product and very cost-effective. The lead in the water pipes leaked into the water supply, but chemicals kept it at acceptable regulatory lead levels. Due to economic downfalls caused by the loss of a huge auto industry known as General Motors, Flint, Michigan, led to ongoing budget problems. Governor Snyder appointed a series of four emergency managers to control the budget. Governor Snyder also sent 28 million dollars to help cover the cost of medical care, supplies, and infrastructure upgrades. The last manager developed a plan to switch the water
The reactions of American society have varied towards Homosexuality, as evidenced from the Victorian Era, the 1960s, and the 1990s. In the Victorian era, lacking a name for the term, same sex relationships were not opposed as long as it did not interfere with the heterosexual marriage. In the 1960s, homosexuality was perceived by some of the radical feminists as a political move, and embraced by them, while the moderate feminists opposed it, arguing that they it was a threat. In addition, in the 1992 election, the Democrats and the Republicans became divided over it, with the Republicans attacking homosexuality and the Democrats initially defending them, only to cause gay rights lose more ground with the DOMA (Friend, 470). As Homosexuality
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University of South Carolina, 2004. Pearson Education. Info please. Almanacs: “Key Events in Women’s Rights Movement” 2005 31 March 2005. Wohlpart, Jim.
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The Great Barrier Reef is located in North East Australia off the coast of Queensland. It is world renowned for its stunning scenery and its flora and fauna diversity, it has also been acknowledged as one of the seven natural wonders of the world. The Great Barrier Reef stretches across 344400km2 and includes thousands of individual reefs and hundreds of islands which are occupied by around 600 types of hard and soft coral, around 1625 varieties of fish, 3000 types of molluscs, more than 30 species of whales and dolphins, just to mention a few components that make up The Great Barrier Reefs vast diversity. In order to preserve and protect the unique array of ecological communities, habitats and species of The Great Barrier Reef for future generations
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