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brief history of computer
brief history of computer
the history development of computers
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History of Computing
1 General principles 1
2 Etymology (Where the word is from) 2
3 The exponential progress of computer development 2
4 Classification of computers 2
4.1 Classification by intended use 2
4.2 Classification by implementation technology 3
4.3 Classification by design features 3
4.3.1 Digital versus analog 3
4.3.2 Binary versus decimal 4
4.3.3 Programmability 4
4.3.4 Storage 4
4.4 Classification by capability 4
4.4.1 General-purpose computers 4
4.4.2 Special-purpose computers 6
4.4.3 Single-purpose computers 6
4.5 Classification by type of operation 6
5 Computer applications 6
5.1 The Internet 7
6 How computers work 7
6.1 Instructions 8
6.2 Memory 8
6.3 Processing (Processor) 8
6.4 Control (Control Unit) 9
6.5 Input and output 9
6.6 Architecture 9
6.7 Programs 9
6.7.1 Operating system 10
7 Sources: 10
A computer is a device or machine for making calculations or controlling operations that are expressible in numerical or logical terms. Computers are made from components that perform simple well-defined functions. The complex interactions of these components give computers the ability to process information. If correctly configured, a computer can be made to represent some aspect of a problem or part of a system. If a computer is configured in this way is given input data, then it can automatically solve the problem or predict the behavior of the system.
1 General principles
Computers can work through the movement of mechanical parts, electrons, photons, quantum particles or any other well-understood physical phenomenon. Although computers have been built out of many different technologies, nearly all popular types of computers have electronic components.
Computers may directly model the problem being solved, in the sense that the problem being solved is mapped as closely as possible onto the physical phenomena being exploited. For example, electron flows might be used to model the flow of water in a dam. Such analog computers were once common in the 1960s but are now rare. They are practically dead.
In most computers today, the problem is first translated into mathematical terms by r...
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...this time sharing. Newer generations of CPU’s really uses HT-technologie (e.g. Intel processors). But there are also processors with more than one processing unit on it. AMD calls them dual-core processors.
6.7.1 Operating system
When a computer is running it needs a program, whether or not there is useful work to do. In a typical desktop computer, this program is the operating system (OS). The operating system decides which programs are run, when, and what resources (such as memory or input/output - I/O) the programs will get to use.
The operating system also provides a layer of abstraction over the hardware, and gives access by providing services to other programs, such as code ("drivers") which allow programmers to write programs for a machine without needing to know the intimate details of all the attached electronic devices.
Most operating systems that have hardware abstraction layers also provide a standardized user interface. The most popular OS remains the Windows family of operating systems.
Most computers are very small, very inexpensive computers embedded in other machinery. These embedded systems have programs, but often lack a recognizable operating system.
1. A device is a computer if it has an input device, central processing unit (CPU), internal memory, storage, and an output device.
Windows hardware’s has played a vital role in current technology of computer era. Computer application has significantly changed the workloads and manual records and information keeping has been significantly managed easily. This has been tremendously associated with the respective improvements with the software and hardware application development and Windows Xp and windows 7 have been most powerful operating system used by many computer applicants and users.
Not long ago computers were non-existent in many homes. When computers were first introduced to the world, they were for the sole purpose of performing business functions. The only people who owned computers were large organizations. Eventually, computers were introduced into the homes of those who could afford to buy them. Today, just about everyone owns some form of system that they use daily to help manage their day-to-day operations. What many once survived without now seems impossible to do without. As technology continues to grow, it has a greater effect on families and the education system. Some companies such as Microsoft and Apple made it possible to reinvent a new form of technology that would change the world. Each company had some form of struggle and overtime had to keep up with the changes of time and the way people communicated. From the first day of its invention, organizations have had to steadily implement new operating systems to keep up with the demands of the people while staying afloat with competitors. The ways of life for many have changed as well as the way people communicate. It is evident that the history and uses of computers have changed the world but these computers could not perform without the operating systems. Various operating systems will be discussed, how they began and how they each changed since they were first introduced. Although, they all had a purpose each varied in how they performed and changed the lives of many and will continue in the near future.
Through this evolution the kernel and associated software were extended until a complete operating system was written on top of the kernel in the language C. UNIX APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACE Many proprietary operating systems have a simplified view of application behavior. The typical application reads some data from disk, tape or a terminal and does some processing. Output is produced onto disk, tape, tape, terminal, or printer. The operating systems generally provide easy to use well-implemented facilities to support these types of facilities. As applications become more sophisticated they need new features such as network access, multi-tasking, and interprocess communications.
Operating systems are complex structures of information, or data, that is stored in programs, files, folders, and much more. Operating systems consist of software, which are bunches of programs. An operating system is the software that stores data and information that a user inputs. The processing of input occurs through the user entering information through the keyboard, also called “keying in information.” This precise definition provides background information to the fact that operating systems are composed of a central idea. Operating systems are the key element that allows someone to use a computer. This idea sparked the creation of the first operating system in the 1960’s by the General Motors Research Laboratories.
An operating system (OS) is an intermediate program which used to run other program in a computer. OS is considered as backbone because hold the responsibility to manage both hardware and software resource used in a computer. OS responsible to control and allocated memory to recognize input from external devises then transmit the output as computer display. OS also manage the file in a computer drive and control peripherals, such as printer and scanner.
As the internet is becoming faster and faster, an operating system (OS) is needed to manage the data in computers. An Operating system can be considered to be a set of programed codes that are created to control hardware such as computers. In 1985 Windows was established as an operating system and a year earlier Mac OS was established, and they have dominated the market of the computer programs since that time. Although, many companies have provided other operating systems, most users still prefer Mac as the most secured system and windows as it provides more multiple functions. This essay will demonstrate the differences between windows
Microprocessors serve as the brain of the computer, meaning that all cycles of data, which is virtually trillions of numbers that are crunched at extremely high speeds, are calculated inside them. The speed at which these calculations are resolved are measured by hertz or Hz, which is a single cycle of data per second. Processors are mounted on the motherboard which is connected to all other components of the computer including its RAM (Random Access Memory), hard drive, and storage drives.
All of the ways that humans gain information are mimicked by computers. Humans then proceed to analyze and store the information accordingly. This is a computer's main function in today's society. Humans then take all of this information and solve problems logically. This is where things get complex.
We have the microprocessor to thank for all of our consumer electronic devices, because without them, our devices would be much larger. Microprocessors are the feat of generations of research and development. Microprocessors were invented in 1972 by Intel Corporation and have made it so that computers could shrink to the sizes we know today. Before, computers took a room because the transistors or vacuum tubes were individual components. Microprocessors unified the technology on one chip while reducing the costs. Microprocessor technology has been the most important revolution in the computer industry in the past forty years, as microprocessors have allowed our consumer electronics to exist.
An Operating system is system software that controls the system’s hardware that interacts with users and the application software. As we all may know, Windows Microsoft has always been a commercial high-level sale in the retail industry and an in domain operating system used today. But there are more operating systems than just Windows Microsoft than the general population may assume. Linux is another well-known operating systems, which is free and open-source software. Linux is also used in companies we would have never thought of like Google, NASA, USPS, Amazon and many more companies. Linux and Microsoft operating systems have been in competition to see which one is the best operating system in the market. There are so many resemblances
Thousands of years ago calculations were done using people’s fingers and pebbles that were found just lying around. Technology has transformed so much that today the most complicated computations are done within seconds. Human dependency on computers is increasing everyday. Just think how hard it would be to live a week without a computer. We owe the advancements of computers and other such electronic devices to the intelligence of men of the past.
A computer is a combination of several parts. These parts are Random Access Memory (RAM), a Central Processing
A CPU has various discrete units to help it in these tasks for example there is an arithmetic and logic unit(ALU) that takes care of all the math and logical data comparisons that need to performed. A control register makes sure everything happens in the right sequence. The motherboard is the main circuit board inside the PC. All other components are either slotted into or soldered to this board.
In designing a computer system, architects consider five major elements that make up the system's hardware: the arithmetic/logic unit, control unit, memory, input, and output. The arithmetic/logic unit performs arithmetic and compares numerical values. The control unit directs the operation of the computer by taking the user instructions and transforming them into electrical signals that the computer's circuitry can understand. The combination of the arithmetic/logic unit and the control unit is called the central processing unit (CPU). The memory stores instructions and data.