Pasteurella multocida was first isolated in 1880 by Louis Pasteur, and was described as the causative agent of fowl cholera.(1,2) During this time in history, microorganism isolated from livestock suffering from conditions such as haemorrhagic septicemia and atrophic rhinitis who demonstrated similar biochemical and morphological characteristics to that of Pasteurs’ microorganism where named Pasteurella septica.(1,3) It was not until the 1930s, when scientist recognised that the bacterium was associated with cat bits and was no longer classified as Pasteurella septica but as Pasteurella multocida. Due to increased technological advances in 1985, scientists successfully identified eleven Pasteurella species, one of which is known as Pasteurella multocida. (1)
Pasteurella multocida is a zoonotic bacterium that infects a range of hosts such as livestock, poultry, domestic pets, and even humans. (1,2) The bacterium is a small, nonmotile, bipolar staining, gram-negative coccobacillus. (2) Classifications of these microorganisms are based on the bacteria capsule type and lipopolysaccharide antigens. Pasteurella multocida have five distinct carbohydrate polymer capsular types which are A, B, D, E, and F. (3) The lipopolysaccharide antigens classifies Pasteurella multocida into 16 Heddleston serovars that produce different lipopolysaccharide structures that help protects the bacteria from host immune response. (3)
Epidemiological studies suggest that certain capsular types are associated with certain hosts, disease conditions and geographical distribution. Capsule type A is commonly associated with fowl cholera in poultry and sepsis in humans while capsular type B and E are commonly associated with hemorrhagic septicemia in l...
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...and infection. Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg ;2012.
4) Miyoshi S, Hamada H, Miyoshi A, Ito R, Hamaguchi N, Higaki J, et al. Pasteurella multocida pneumonia: zoonotic transmission confirmed by molecular epidemiological analysis. Geriatrics & Gerontology International. 2012 Jan; 12(1): 159-63.
5) Lopez C, Sanchez-Rubio P Betran A, Terre R. Pasteurella multocida bacterial meningitis caused by contact with pigs. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 2012 Sept 10;44(2):473-4.
6) Septicemia. Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6Th Edition. 2013 Sept [cited March 22, 2014]; Available from: Literary Reference Center.
7) Daniels R, Nutbeam T, editors. ABC of Sepsis. PMJ Publishing Group Limited Blackwell Publishing;2010.
8) Vitek®MS [internet] [cited 2014 March 20]. Available from: http://www.biomerieux-usa.com/servlet/srt/bio/usa/dynPage?doc=USA_PRD_LST_G_PRD_USA_33
In this lab project, the microbiology students were given 2 unknown bacteria in a mixed broth each broth being numbered. The goal of this project is to determine the species of bacteria in the broth. They had to separate and isolate the bacteria from the mixed broth and ran numerous tests to identify the unknown bacteria. The significance of identifying an unknown bacteria is in a clinical setting. Determining the exact bacteria in order to prescribe the right treatment for the patient. This project is significant for a microbiology students because it gives necessary skills to them for future careers relating to clinical and research work.
The purpose of this study is to identify an unknown bacterium from a mixed culture, by conducting different biochemical tests. Bacteria are an integral part of our ecosystem. They can be found anywhere and identifying them becomes crucial to understanding their characteristics and their effects on other living things, especially humans. Biochemical testing helps us identify the microorganism present with great accuracy. The tests used in this experiment are rudimentary but are fundamental starting points for tests used in medical labs and helps students attain a better understanding of how tests are conducted in a real lab setting. The first step in this process is to use gram-staining technique to narrow down the unknown bacteria into one of the two big domains; gram-negative and gram-positive. Once the gram type is identified, biochemical tests are conducted to narrow down the specific bacterial species. These biochemical tests are process of elimination that relies on the bacteria’s ability to breakdown certain kinds of food sources, their respiratory abilities and other biochemical conditions found in nature.
Francisella tularensis is a bacteria that is commonly referred to as Rabbit Fever. This microorganism is often known as this because the bacteria resides in mammals such as rabbits, squirrels and mice (UPMC Center for Health Security, 2013). There are many different components to this bacteria that make it unique. The microorganism F. tularensis is one that has very unique characteristics that make it responsible for being the kind of bacteria that it is. It is a gram-negative bacteria that occurs in coccobacillus form. It is a non-motile bacteria that is commonly found in water, mud, and decaying animal carcasses. (Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, 2013). Because of these characteristics, F. tularensis is able to live in these conditions for weeks (UPMC Center for Health Security, 2013). For all of these reasons, this microorganism can be potentially harmful to humans.
...h apparently did not prevent transmission of T. equigenitalis (Erdman et al., 2011). With the exception of one, all other stallions were infected with T. equigenitalis indirectly via handling or contaminated fomites at breeding or collection facilities (Erdman et al., 2011). According to Erdman et al. (2011), this outbreak saw the largest number of horses that tested positive for the disease since the first outbreak in 1978. The source of the outbreak was most likely determined to be a stallion imported from Denmark in 2000 that had not been detected positive for T. equigenitalis neither upon pre-import testing in the country of origin nor quarantine testing in the United States (Erdman et al., 2011). The importation of this stallion in the United States subsequently led to subsequent transmission of infection between the years 2004 and 2009 (Erdman et al., 2011).
mutans was problematic due to its difference with Bergey’s Manual result for the catalase test. However, after comparing it with a peers results, it seems very possible that the strain we are working with varies from the strain used in Bergey’s. Bacteria possess the ability to develop varying phenotypes within the same species due to frequent mutation and horizontal gene transfer. Therefore, it is possible that the results obtained in our lab may vary from those provided in Bergey’s Manual. Arriving to the conclusion that the Gram negative bacteria was Klebsiella pneumoniae was much more direct. Using Bergey’s Flowchart for identification, the bacteria shared the test results and had a similar shape and
164-69. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jeffrey W. Hunter. Vol. 341. Detroit: Gale, 2013.Artemis Literary Sources. Web. 5 May 2014.
American Literature. 6th Edition. Vol. A. Ed. Nina Baym. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 2003. 783-791
L. pneumophila belongs to the genus Legionella. This genus also causes Pontiac Fever, a milder illness resembling the flu. Infections by Legionella bacterium, separately or together, is sometimes called legionellosis. L. pneumophila is a ubiquitous organism which thrives in warm, moist places – including water pipes. It is thin, pleomorphic, flagellated and Gram-negative. It is the primary human pathogen of its genus. It does not have endospores or a capsule and morphologically it is a rod-like bacteria. Although, it is considered Gram-negative, it stains poorly because of its lipopolysaccharide outer layer of the outer cell membrane. It is non-acid-fast, aerobic and non-fermentative. It is not pigmented but it is oxidase and catalase positive. Its optimum temperature is around 35 degrees Celsius or 95 degrees Fairinheight and it is capable of surviving temperature ran...
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 49(3), 438-443. Doi:10.1086/600391. See full address and map. Medicare.gov/Hospital Compare - The Official U.S. Government Site for Medicare (n.d).
Over several centuries Roman fever was used to describe the spread of malaria outbreaks in Rome; the city was embedded with this disease due to the swampy terrain that surrounded the area becoming a breeding ground for mosquitos. This plague was not only an actual concern for the women during their younger voyages to Rome, but holds a symbolic meaning as well. In reminiscing about the past the women bring up Mrs. Slade’s Aunt Harriet and her actions against her own sister when she found out they were in love with the same man. "Oh, yes; Great-aunt Harriet. The one was supposed to have sent her young sister out to the Forum after sunset to gather a nightblooming flower for her album.”, At any rate, the poor little sister caught the fever and died. Mother used to frighten us with the story when...
Enterococcus faecalis is a genus of gram positive cocci and form short chains or are arranged in pairs. They are nonmotile, facultative anaerobic organisms and can survive in harsh conditions in nature. There are over 15 species of the Enterococcus genus but about 90% of clinical isolates are E. faecalis. E. faecalis is a nosocomial pathogen because it is commonly found in the hospital environment and can cause life-threatening infections in humans. It is a bacterium that normally inhabits the intestinal tract in humans and animals but when found in other body locations it can cause serious infections. The most common sites for E. faecalis infections are the heart, bloodstream, urinary tract, and skin wounds. Due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, many antibiotics have been shown ineffective in the treatment. In this paper, I will describe the ecology and pathology of E. faecalis; the antibacterial resistance; treatment; and, what you can do to prevent Enterococcus infection.
The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Volume 1c. New York: W.W. Norton & Co, 2006. Print. The.
113- The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 6th ed. of the book. Vol.
An example of Septimus having exaggerated feelings of bewilderment and despair comes on page 15.
Leptospirosis is a major tropical disease which can be seen endemic in most of the tropical and subtropical countries affecting human populations. Leptospira is a genus of spirochetes and is known to cause leptospirosis. This genus family includes organisms and its variants with a lifestyle falling in the range of invasive pathogens to aquatic saprophytes. These Leptospira species has got adapted to various climatic conditions and environmental factors, thereby, acquiring a large genome and a very complex outer membrane. The outer membrane has got several proteins and features that are unique among these bacteria. These organisms can be able to shed through urinal excretions of the host and they can even survive in water, soil and human body! They invade human body through cut wounds, broken and/or the exposed skin, mucosal layers and so on. The mode and mechanism of infection of these organisms remained a mystery so far. However, more recently in human host, the host adaptability and immune responsiveness of a variant of leptospira sp., “L. interrogans” to host innate immunity was elucidated in infection or animal models although not very clear. A better and deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms of these species in response to host’s natural or the innate immunity is obligatory to learn the nature of early leptospirosis.