Ebola is a member of the virus family Filoviridae, causes hemorrhagic fever, which is serious illness in humans and animals. Ebola virus disease is extremely contagious, with mortality rate is 92%. It is transmitted to human from wild animals (chimpanzees, gorillas, monkeys) or from human through liquid body substance like blood, slaver, urine, etc. of a person who is infected with Ebola, except water and air. Ebola virus is found in various countries in Africa. It was first discovered in 1976, during an outbreak in Zaire and Sudan. Since then, Ebola has been started outbreak in Central Africa. The current outbreaks of Ebola are appearing in West Africa, and two imported Ebola virus diseases (EVD) cases in the United States. This is the largest …show more content…
From 1977 to 2013, there were less than 500 cases infected with Ebola and fewer than 300 deaths per year. As of August 2007, 413 people were infected with Ebola by a hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Uganda and Democratic Republic of Congo. It started with the village chief‘s funeral who died from unidentified causes, after that the villagers became ill and then EBOV spread out. The 2014 Ebola outbreak is the largest in history. EBOV cases are speeding up over time and spread out all over the world. To date, there are 4,808 deaths out of 13,015 cases infected with Ebola and the mortality rate is 90%. Researchers believe the Ebola outbreak was first started with a 2 year old boy in Meliandou, Guinea in December 2013. His family hunts bats for meat, yet African bats are carring Ebola virus which directly caused infection. His sister, mother, and grandmother died in a few weeks later, after his death with similar symptoms. People in the village came to the funeral and got infected, then spread the virus to other villages. It became a plurality of public health issue; however, they mistook the hemorrhagic fever of Ebola with Lassa fever or other disease. In March 2014, the Ebola virus disease spread throughout four countries in West Africa: Liberia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria. This is the first time an Ebola outbreak occurs in these regions. On 28 May, Guinea's Ministry of Health (GMH) reported that 281 …show more content…
From August 2014 to September 2014, there are two EBOV cases in Spain. Unfortunately, two people who volunteered in Liberia and in Sierra Leone died after they were airlifted to their country. People who infected with EBOV while volunteering in West Africa are immediately airlifted to their countries for treatment, including: United States, United Kingdom, Norway, Germany, and France. According to the WHO, people had been recovered and no death case. However, there is an imported case in the United States (US). A businessman’s name Eric Duncan traveled from Liberia to US with Ebola virus disease. He was sent to a Dallas hospital in Texas and isolated since he has a positive test for Ebola. He succumbed to EBOV and his death was announced on September 28. Vinson and Nina Pham are two nurses at Dallas hospital who treated patient Eric Duncan were tested positive for the disease. Both were sent to Maryland for their treatment and released on October 24 and 30. Till today, no further EBOV case in US according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevent
This virus is similar to Ebola, because it started in the same place. Lab workers in Germany, in 1967, contracted the new virus while working with African Green Monkeys, which had the virus. The virus is described as a hemorrhagic fever. It has a fatality rate up to 90% and spreads through human to human contact. The first symptoms can be as simple as a fever and a headache, then can progress to organ failure, and fatal internal bleeding.
Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a viral disease that was first recorded in 1976, when an outbreak occurred in Yambuku, Zaire, a country that was latter renamed the Democratic Republic of Congo (Walsh, Biek & Real, 2005). During the outbreak 318 cases were recorded of which 280 (88%) died. Later the same year, an outbreak occurred in Sudan where 284 cases were recorded with fatality rate of 53%. The disease and the virus that cause it are named after River Ebola that passes though Yambuku. In the USA, Ebola killed several monkeys in Reston, Virginia in 1989 (Barton, 2006; CDC, 2000). Despite several other outbreaks, the disease has neither medically approved pre-exposure nor post-exposure interventions. However, ongoing research shows optimistic signs.
The theory behind how Ebola was introduced was from children eating bats which were infected. A man’s 1-year-old son suddenly became sick with a fever, had diarrhea, and stopped eating; later, he died. The government of Guinea didn’t know how to respond to the outbreak, and the Ministry of Health thought they could contain it. Meanwhile, Ebola was spreading to Sierra Leone, and eventually the 3 poorest neighboring countries were infected. A corpse of an Ebola patient was highly infectious, but traditional practice of Africans was to wash and dress the body, which enabled the virus to infect those
After being infected with the Ebola virus it takes 2-21 days to take effect. It depends if you had a direct infection, such as a hypodermic needle or a syringe, or a less direct infection, such as close contact(www.lfc.edu/`musilam/bio3.html 3). This is just enough time to get on a plane and spread it to people in another area. This could result in an outbreak in other parts of the world. There have been no known cases of this happening though (www.uct.ac.za/microbiology/sanchez.htm 2).
The Ebola virus can easily be transmitted through direct contact of blood, organs, secretions of any kind and semen from any person infected. Another method is that of used needles that have been infected. With all countries considered, the 3rd world and the reuse of needles are a common practice, due to lack of funds and supplies. Though recovered patients pose no serious threat, the virus is present up to 7 weeks after being treated. Vomit and diarrhea contain the infected blood and mucus so any contact with this, e.g. in poor drinking water can cause contraction of the virus. Luckily enough Ebola is not airborne and in some cases due to its self-limiting nature, it has been known to die out within a person before killing the host. In one case when a Swiss researcher found the Ebola Tai virus, she contracted it from a chimpanzee. This was during an investigation into the spur of deaths among them at the time. To this day, there is still no evidence as to what host carried the virus before humans and no location of the virus is known.
Ebola can be spread in a number of ways. Ebola reproduction in infected cells takes about eight hours. Hundreds to thousands of new virus cells are then released during periods of a few hours to a few days. In most outbreaks, transmission from patient to patient within hospitals has been associated within the reuse of needles and syringes. High rates of transmission in outbreaks have occurred from patients to family members who provide nursing care without barriers to prevent exposure to blood, other body fluids such as, vomit, urine and feces. Risk for transmitting the infection appears to be highest during the later stages of illness. Those symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, shock, and frequently hemorrhaging. Even a person who has recovered from the symptoms of the illness may have the virus present in the genital secretions for a short time after. This makes it possible for the virus to be spread by sexual activity. Complete recovery is reached only when none virus’s cells are left in any body fluids. This is quite rare.
The virus initially is spread to the human population after contact with an infected wildlife and is then spread through direct contact with body fluids such as blood, urine, sweat, semen, and breast milk. Family members and healthcare workers who contract the virus usually obtain it from direct contact with the infected person. In some of the countries like Sudan and Zaire that are less developed and their healthcare is under-financed needle transmission is common since at times needles used on Ebola patients are reused without proper sanitizing. Another method of transmission is supposed to be airborne transmission. Patients can transmit the virus while febrile and through later stages of disease, as well during funeral preparations at postmortem. Additionally, the virus has been isolated in semen for as many as 61 days after illness onset.
In 1976 the first two Ebola outbreaks were recorded. In Zaire and western Sudan five hundred and fifty people reported the horrible disease. Of the five hundred and fifty reported three hundred and forty innocent people died. Again in 1995 Ebola reportedly broke out in Zaire, this time infecting over two hundred and killing one hundred and sixty. (Bib4, Musilam, 1)
The United States of America had their first case of Ebola in September 30 2014, when a man traveling back from Liberia was diagnosed with the disease in Dallas Texas (CDC 2014). The man did not show symptoms until he reached the United States. He passed away in October 8. Two more cases came up in Dallas; the two health care workers that had treated the first U.S. Ebola patient tested positive for the disease. The last recent case for Ebola in the United States was in New York City; a medical aid worker who had came back from Guinea had tested positive.
A study was done in 2005 to learn more about the hosts for the virus. Human outbreaks that occurred between 2001 and 2005 in Gabon and the Republic of Congo were linked to outbreaks that affected the local gorilla and chimpanzee populations. In order to identify the reservoir, the researchers did animal trappings in the areas affected. There were 1,030 animals captured which included 679 bats, 222 birds, and 129 small terrestrial vertebrates. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) which is for the Ebola virus was detected in the serum of three different bat species (Leroy et al. 2005). The organs targeted by the Ebola virus were the liver and spleen. The researchers concluded that their results supported the results of previous investigations as bats as reservoirs for
When you think of the disease Ebola most people become unnerved because how contagious this disease is. The Ebola outbreak is in many countries but it originated from West Africa were animals such as monkeys carried the deadly virus that humans contracted and the virus is killing humans daily. The infection rate is raising daily along over three thousand deaths from the disease (Central Disease Control). The main argument I am making is should Americans who travel outside of the United States be allowed back into the states if they travel to a country with a high rate of Ebola cases because of the chance of that person contracting the disease and then bringing it back to the states. The only exception is if an American citizen needs to come back into the United States for a serious reason I strongly believe that any person who has possibly became in contact with the disease should have to stay in the country they traveled to for twenty one days isolated in a hospital for observation due to the chance of contracting the disease and bringing it back to the states.
Outbreaks of Ebola have been occurring occasionally throughout the past years since its discovery in 1976; however, back in early 2014, the West African region experienced an outbreak and, since then, has spread slowly into the U.S., and is not showing any signs of stopping. It’s said that this outbreak is the largest outbreak of Ebola throughout its existence. Ebola is a highly pathogenic virus that has an extremely high fatality rate and spreads through bodily contact of fluids of the deceased. It’s almost impossible to draw samples to study the virus, partly because it kills its victims so quickly, and also because the virus is so hard to work with- it’s dangerous and requires a high safety environment. There’s currently no drug on the market, since all of them are currently in development/clinical trials. There are some ethical issues revolving around the development of these drugs, like who will be tested, would the researchers distribute a placebo, and who would receive the finalized drugs first: the people struck hardest by the outbreak in West Africa, or the American researchers who risked their lives to
Ebola is an extremely deadly virus that can lead to extreme illness and death. It was discovered in 1976 in West Africa. Ebola has been found in many countries of Africa such as South Sudan, Nigeria, and South Africa. It has killed thousands of people in Africa and other countries around Africa and has put many families in fear of their lives. Some symptoms of Ebola are a severe fever, severe headache, muscle pain, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and unexplained bleeding or bruising. Ebola has recently been brought overseas to the United States, creating havoc in our nation.
This infection is a standout amongst the most deadly and horrific infections known to development. Ebola hemorrhagic fever is serious, regularly deadly and it influences monkeys, gorillas and people. The Ebola infection is a part of a group of RNA infections known as filovirus (family Filoviridae). At the point when amplified by an electron magnifying instrument, these infections have the presence of long string-shape, with little snare or circle toward one side. There have been four recognized strains of Ebola. Three of the four types of Ebola infections recognized so far have created ailment in people. Ebola-Zaire was found in 1976 and was name after a stream in Zaire, Africa, where it was initially experienced. Ebola Sudan was found in Western
The Ebola Viruses are found in several African Countries. CDC (2015) stated that Ebola was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River now called “The Democratic Republic of the Congo”. The natural source host of Ebola virus vestiges undisclosed. Nevertheless, evidenced and the comparability of the disease, the researchers, believed that the virus is animal borne and bats are stated to be the most likely