January 13, 1898 is the day after Ferdinand Walsin-Esterhazy was found not guilty of treason for a military memorandum sent to Germany with French secrets in it. This date is also almost two years after Alfred Dreyfus was found guilty of the exact same crime with little to no evidence for convicting him other than hate of a group of people. Émile Zola, who was a French writer and self-thought revolutionary, came to the defense of Dreyfus in a letter to the president of France and published called "J'accuse!". This letter may show some bias from Zola because of his loyalty to Dreyfus, who he respected greatly, and his distaste for how the military and some of the government seemed to be working with the views seen clearly formed in the letter. The Dreyfus Affair presents a representation of France in the late 1800's with their stance, mimicking the stance of most of Easter Europe at the time, on nationalism, corruption in the military/government corruption and anti-Semitism.
The time period that "J'accuse" was written during was a time of extreme nationalism growing around Eastern Europe. Countries were banding together to celebrate their similarities and denounce the differences of other countries. Knowing this it is no wonder why Zola addressed his letter that was published in a French newspaper to the president of France. Addressing the president as oppose to an individual, or the nation or even just not writing it as a letter was a conscious decision on Zola's part. The decision to address this to the president is a decision of nationalism; it addressed the president who runs the country but also is a symbol of unity of France. The president is a representation of France as a whole, he signifies a completed France who would...
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...his is what the whole issue stems from and wants a change for the whole country that comes from the top, the president, to fix this national issue.
All three issues that were presented in this letter intertwine; you could not have Dreyfus accused without corruption and anti-Semitism and in return there could not be a call for national unity to the president without first having an issue at hand. The time that this letter was written is important because of the factors that all of Europe faced and because growing tension among countries made internal conflicts such as selling military secrets an even more important subject. Zola may have had some bias because his closer feelings toward Dreyfus than those in the military that he accused but his side is also more defendable and probably correct because of how soon after the event that this was written and published.
When the United States entered WWI in 1917, Congress passed a law called the Espionage Act. The law stated that during wartime obstructing the draft and trying to make soldiers disloyal or disobedient were crimes against the United States (Schenck v. United States). Almost 2,000 people broke this law; they were accused of violating this law and were put on trial. Charles Schenck was one of them; he was against the war, and was the general secretary of the Socialist Party of America. He believed that the war had been caused by and would benefit only the rich, while causing suffering and death for the thousands of poor and working-class soldiers who would do the actual fighting in Europe. He mailed thousands of pamphlets to men who had been drafted into the armed forces. The government looked at this as a threat to the country and also to the people. These pa...
He implements this emotional appeal into his speech to involve all Americans—people living in the United States of America, regardless of their ethnicity, race, or culture, and to acknowledge that the American people have endured this together, and that they will continue to advance after this event with stronger resolve, stronger than ever. In addition, he implements personification to motivate and empower the American people. “Our nation, this generation, will lift a dark threat of violence from our people and our future” (Bush, 2001). “This generation”, again a synonym for the American people, with its unwavering resolve, will fight for its freedom persistently. He intimates that the future of America and of democratic freedom is in the hands of the American people; that the American people have the power to control their fate.
When Frank was interrogated the trial had touched its one hundredth and eleventh day. The media was getting tired of all of this talk about concentration camps and war crimes; the bench it also seemed was also fed up. On numerous occasions the Tribunal judges pressed the prosecution to simplify the specifics on concentration camps as they believed the particulars were already adequately known: “(…) It is not in the interest of the Trial, which the Charter directs should be an expeditious one, that further evidence should be presented at this stage on the question of concentration camps.” The Prosecution at least were not supported by the bench to present another story of what would have seemed to be just another concentration camp.
Baker, Charles A. “Review: Two Views of Vichy France, ” The French Review, Vol.51, No. 5, American Association of Teachers of French, (April 1978), pp. 763-764
History is the study of the past. It is the combination of many different interpretations divided over different languages, cultures, and individuals. It is “fragments of knowledge that we put together” (Bishop). With that said, I believe that new information will disturb the already unstable model of the historical past. This is demonstrated through history’s influence on our emotion and sense perception.
The French government was hypocritical because it went against the ideals it created in 1789. A new set of laws were composed, they were known as The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizens (Document A). The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizens was created
When the United States entered the First World War, the government took over all radio operations and shut down both professional and amateur radio broadcasters. The use of radio was reserved exclusively for the war effort. In the air, radio was used for the first time between multiple planes and the ground to keep formations and lead the pilots to their targets. This was the beginning of air traffic control and walkie-talkies. In addition, soldiers who had been wounded were entertained in the hospital by news and music played over the radio. Although radio was not allowed back into public until 1919, it continued to be used by troops coming home to entertain each other and was even used for dances. All of radio’s uses from the war soon became prevalent in everyday life and radio has been used in these ways ever since. Our lives are filled with constant sound most of it coming from the radio being on all the time; whether in the car or at home, music, news, weather, and traffic are provided through radio. There is a station for everyone. Moreover, when we travel by plane, airports would be chaotic and have no way to tell who is taking off and landing if not for radio use to control the traffic and make everything run smoothly. Many jobs also have much use of radio needed to communicate with other workers in careers such as law enforcement and trucking.
On the other hand, France saw many positive outcomes of the Dreyfus Affair. The corruption of the Anti-Dreyfusards was exposed which discredited their reputation. It was clear to see that the army were in agreement with the statement ‘better that one man should suffer than the prestige of the French Army should be undermined in the face of the nation’s enemy.’ This can be seen as a positive as the truth was revealed in the end, gave triumph to those that had fought righteously and France was cleansed of
...d Citizen, which states that ‘as all are innocent until they shall have been declared guilty’ (No. 9 Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen) yet he was arresting and executing possibly innocent people all because they had their own views that were different to his. This reinstates the idea that the Reign of Terror was harmful to the citizens of France because with the Terror came the leadership of Robespierre who accused and executed citizens of France without a fair trial.
Throughout Greek mythology male gods were seen as a more superior god then females. Our society has changed drastically since these stories were written. The female characters in Greek mythology tend to be docile and submissive. Their roles were to play as the house wives and to serve for their husband. Most of the heroic characters in Greek mythology were the males. Greek mythology believed that male gods were more dominant to female gods, so therefore they made most of the decisions. In Greek mythology some of the actions of the character are often based on gender role stereotypes, which we still see in our society today.
Being a child she didn’t feel prejudice or even know what it was, just like most other children. Because of this she didn’t become the product of her race or of the color of her skin, she was herself, she was just “Zora”. This section serves two purposes, one is to teach a lesson and the other is to build up the other three sections. The lesson to be learned is that at our most basic we are pure, without prejudice, and this allows us to be ourselves without any worry of judgment. The other use of this section is to build up Zora’s character and show who she is fundamentally, outgoing and confident, to show she stays the same throughout the other
Many people work for consumer products. But the factory environment that these people work in, is poor and suffocated. People who work in factories, get low paid for their hard work and long hours. No Sweat and Low Wages, Strong Backs focuses on low wages and some positive impact of factories, but one focuses on products and the other focuses on how the condition affects the workers. Author Garyfalakis brings out workers life and sweat factories working condition in the developing countries. To educate the consumers, she also shows the impact of boycotting sweat factory products in the developed countries. Same way author Tom Meagher speaks about the factory workers life in the U.S. He describes the circumstances that forces workers to work in the factories with low pay and its impact on their life.
Warfare between two parties has always been a major catalyst of world history today. Specifically, Word War I had many dictators and world leaders that were not satisfied with the way things had played out, including Hitler, dictator of Germany. World War I began during 1914, and was between the Allied Forces and Axis Forces. It was the result of tension building up in the European front for decades prior to WWI. However, although Germany was punished terribly for WWI, it did not stop her from joining forces with Italy and Japan. These three powerful countries took action against the rest of the world, beginning in 1939, and initiated WWII. The League of Nations, designed to keep peace between the European fronts, failed to do its job. Therefore, the main reason world was plunged into World War II in 1939 was because of the League of Nations’ failure to act promptly. This brings to light that the effective response to aggression is collective security, and not appeasement.
...France paid more attention to what happened to the people and the tension between them and America.
The trial portrays the absurdist ideal that absolute truth does not exist. This ideal destroys the very purpose of the trial, which seeks to place a rational explanation on Meursault’s senseless killing of the Arab. However, because there is no rational explanation for Meursault’s murder, the defense and prosecution merely end up constructing their own explanations. They each declare their statements to be the truth, but are all based on false assumptions. The prosecution itself is viewed as absurd. The prosecutor tries to persuade the jury that Meursault has no feelings or morals by asking Perez if “he had at least seen [Meursault] cry” (91). The prosecutor then continues to turn the crowd against Meursault when he asks him about his “liaison” with Marie right after his mother’s death. Though Meursault’s relationship with Marie and his lack of emotions at his mother’s funeral may seem unrelated to his murder, the prosecutor still manages to convince the crowd that they are connected to one another. The jury ends up convicting Meursault not because he killed a man, but because he didn't show the proper emotions after his mother ...