4.2 Live case study – Himachal Pradesh, Northern India Himachal Pradesh is famous for its abundant natural beauty and for its traditional architecture. The building as well as the sculptures of olden time has long survived through many natural hazards. They were made mainly indigenous style which would go with the hilly terrain. Himachal Pradesh sits on the high seismic zone i.e. zone iv and v. There is a history of most frequent earthquake and it includes the earthquake of 1905 which was the most destructive one. 4.2.1 Buildings in Himachal Pradesh The typical buildings are usually built using kath khuni construction technique and are usually two or three storey high. The walls are built with alternate dry masonry and wood without any mortar …show more content…
The structure of this temple gives the hints of the early medieval North Indian style of architecture. The architectural style has been taken from Orissan style, which is very much unique in the state of Himachal Pradesh. The material used to construct was stone without any mortar as in olden days many of the constructions were done with stone providing a joint. It is known to us that many destructive earthquakes have occurred in Himachal Pradesh and this temple is one of the structures which have resisted the movement. 4.2.3 Local houses Many of the olden houses in Himachal were built of locally available materials which minimized the construction cost as well as saved the building from earthquake destruction. In olden days, black slates are widely used for roofing the house. Slate has two lines of breakability, cleavage and grain which make it possible to split the stone into thin sheets. These slates can be broken into flat and thinner piece which makes it easier to stack on top of …show more content…
The materials used in Haiti are new and are selected taking consideration of its weight and performances where as that of Himachal are following the olden methods. 4.3 World’s greatest earthquake test A Seven storied wooden framed building was exposed to an earthquake of magnitude 7.5. The building was made with combination of steel joints and wooden structure which later proved to be the one which resisted the high magnitude earthquake. Wood as from past record is a material which is light and flexible in nature and is considered to be one of the good materials to be used in seismic area. Steel when used as the joining material allows the structure to be flexible. Steel also allows dismantling whereby the structures can later be reused. In this experiment, steel were used for joining materials like nut and bolt. Steel plates were used in order to support the frame of the beam from ceiling allowing flexible movement. 4.3.1 Analysis The building seem to perform better than expected with only minor drywall cracks from window and door corners," said Steve Pryor, S.E., Simpson Strong-Tie lead researcher for the
In 1910 a series of fifty-two earthquakes struck Arizona between September 10th-23rd and it caused much of the Flagstaff residents to flee the area as even strong households cracked and chimneys crumbled. The fifty-two earthquakes were all light-shock earthquakes with magnitudes between 4.0-4.2 that came right after another. If only one earthquake occurred in that timespan then it is likely that only objects would be knocked from shelves but no damage would be done to infrastructure, but the earthquakes happened right after another causing significant slight
D.J. Dowrick (”Earthquake Risk Reduction”in Wiley) explains that seismic hazard is any physical phenomenon associated with an earthquake that may produce adverse effects on human activities. Earthquakes occur very suddenly without any warning. Thus, earthquake not only destructs people’s living environment, but also affects people’s mental health. People are more scared of earthquake. In 2010, there are two severe earthquakes, which are Haiti Earthquake and Chile Earthquake. Both of these two earthquakes produced the various impact considerably across countries and regions. The purpose of this essay is to analyse those two earthquakes according to knowledge such as why they occur, how strong they are, and what the impact they made. Even though people still can not predict earthquake, through analyse earthquakes, they can prevent it bring huge losses.
Gunel, M. Halis. Ilgin H. Emre. "A proposal for the classification of structural systems of tall buildings" Building
Stratton, E. (2002). The evolution of Indian stupa architecture in east Asia. New Delhi: Vedams.
Before examining the Northridge event, understanding the naturally occurring hazard that is an earthquake will help to better understand exactly what happened and why it was such an important geological event. With four distinct layers, two layers, the crust and upper portion of the mantle, compose the skin that is the surface layer of the Earth. The crust is not a single, continuous piece. It is actually several different pieces, or plates, that come together to form the puzzle that comprises the surface of the Earth. These plates are in constant motion rubbing against one another. These areas, known as fault lines, where the plates rub up against one another have spots where one plate ”gets stuck while the rest of the plate keeps moving. When the plate has moved far enough, the edges unstick and is how most of the earthquakes around the world occur” (Wald, 2012). The energy stored from the friction of the two plate...
In the UK, Timber frame construction is based on factory made structural elements. The timber framed wall panels take the loads on the building to the foundations whilst the outer cladding provides embellishment and weather protection. Now depending on what cladding is to be used is totally up to the client/builder/architect as it is a matter of choice; it can be brick, stone or lightweight claddings, such as timber boarding, tile hanging or render.
However, the success of the building schemes relied on the construction methods and innovations that are now attributed as bei...
Harris, Tom, and Patrick J. Kiger. "How Earthquakes Work." HowStuffWorks. HowStuffWorks, Inc., 16 Jan. 2001. Web. 21 Apr. 2014. .
People tremble when they hear the word: destruction, devastation, or losses while those are only the first words that come to mind when an Earthquake occurs. Earthquakes can be terrifying; the earth that had seemed so reassuringly solid and stable suddenly lurches, disrupting people’s both physical and emotional balance. Skyscrapers sway visibly, sound buildings and bridges collapse, power lines spark, gas lines rupture, and landslides scar hillsides and alter the course of the rivers. For years throughout recorded history, earthquakes have disrupted all expectations of normalcy and have imposed an adverse impact on various places around the world, killing over “3.5 million people” on average during the past two millennia (Marshak 218).
This leads to formulating certain survival procedures, researching new technology and preparing and for an earthquake and volcanic eruptions. To overcome the effects of earthquakes, scientists and engineers have designed earthquake resistant infrastructure. This was created because common infrastructures fail in earthquakes as there are heavy and can 't stand seismic waves. The major cause of death during earthquakes is being killed by a falling building. However, in earthquake resistant building the main concept is to make the building as rigid, strong and out of the lightest material possible so if it does fall individuals have a possibility of surviving. At the bottom of earthquake resistant building, there would be some sort of shock absorber, so it can absorb the seismic waves reducing the impact. Then, the building will incorporate a sheer core and sheer walls, to reduce the rocking movements of an earthquake. Along with this, walls will have two steam beams for added security. In developing countries, a similar type of plan is used but the building is made out of more cheaper and everyday objects. Another defence systems humans use to adapt to earthquakes and volcanoes is monitoring and warning systems. Monitoring and warning systems are usually controlled by local or national governments. In earthquake situations, sensors (which are distributed in the region prone to earthquakes) send information to the alert centre when a seismic wave is detected, there the information is investigated. Afterwards, the information from the alert centre is immediately transmitted to the individuals of the region warning them about the expected intensity and arrival time of earthquake by text message or call. After that, it is advised that individuals turn off all electrical appliances and follow their local earthquake
The Temple was very large and beautiful. My friend and I were both stunned by how gorgeously built the Mandir was. The buildings were big and stretched across several acres of the land. Next to the temple was another large building, which was used as a center for gatherings and entertainment purposes. The temple had many different entrances, the main one we noticed were the big steps ...
Reinforced concrete skeleton and brick walls. Reinforced slabs on structural supports, mushroom supports are used in the basement.
Human beings are susceptible to the force of nature. They had to make shelter for themselves. Material was one of the most basic tools to create shelter. By development of building construction, selection and use of materials also developed. The relationship between the architecture and the materials before invention of modern materials was simple and generally naturally [1]; in the past, architects always use tradition materials according their experimental skills. For choosing structural materials, they had attention to important factors such as availability (local materials) and harmony with climate and culture [2], although this way was forward with feedback. But this relationship was not continuing simply.
Taher, R. (2011). General recommendations for improved building practices in earthquake and hurricane prone areas. San Francisco, CA: Architecture for Humanity Retrieved from