Introduction
Hepatitis C is a chronic liver disease that is caused by an infection from hepatitis C virus (HCV). The hepatitis C virus is an RNA virus that belongs to the Hepacivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family (Lauer and Walker, 2001). Nearly 170 million people are chronically infected by this virus, which represents approximately 3% of the world population (Mohd Hanafiah et al., 2013). Chronic hepatitis C can lead to other serious liver diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis (Zazrin et al., 2013). For this reason, hepatitis C is regarded as one of the major global health problems. Hepatitis C is an asymptomatic disease in which shows no signs or symptoms and the infected patients usually are unaware about the disease. To date, there is no rapid and effective vaccination or treatment with zero side effects to cure hepatitis C.
There are a few approved treatments available to reduce the effect of hepatitis C on liver; however, the efficiencies are not guaranteed 100%. Therefore, I will further discuss the efficiency of the approved treatments for hepatitis C in this bibliography and my final literature review. I will also emphasize on the different type of treatments available to lower down the risks of liver damage caused by hepatitis C.
This article provides the information about a linear peptidomimetic HCV serine protease inhibitor called as telaprevir in phase III trials. During phase II trials conducted beforehand, the combination of telaprevir with peginterferon-ribavirin was more efficient when compared to peginterferon-ribavirin alone, which suggested that the duration of telaprevir with peginterferon-ribavirin treatment can be shortened in most patients. 1088 untreated HCV genotype 1 patients ...
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Mohd Hanafiah, K, Groeger, J, Flaxman, AD & Wiersma, ST (2013) Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection: New estimates of age-specific antibody to HCV seroprevalence. Hepatology 57: 1333-1342.
Shepard, CW, Finelli, L & Alter, MJ (2005) Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. Lancet Infect 5: 558-567.
Vince, B, Hill, JM, Lawitz, EJ, O’Riordan, W, Webster, LR, Gruener, DM, Mofsen, RS, Murillo, A, Donovan, E, Chen, J et al. (2014) A randomized, double-blind, multiple-dose study of the pan-genotypic NS5A inhibitor samatasvir in patients infected with hepatitis C virus genotype 1, 2, 3 or 4. Journal of Hepatology 60: 920-927.
Zazrin, H, Shaked, H & Chill, JH (2013) Architecture of the hepatitis C virus E1 glycoprotein transmembrane domain studied by NMR. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 784-792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.10.021
Mathers, C. D. (2006). Projections of Global Mortality and Burden of Disease from 2002 to 2030. Public Library of Science Medicine, 3(11), e442. April 16, 2011. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442
The Hepatitis B virus is a disease that affects the liver and results in swelling and loss of normal function in the liver. It is estimated that 350 million people are infected with Hepatitis B worldwide, with 50 million new cases diagnosed every year.(1) In the Unit...
There is 1.4 million people infected with CHB in United States (CDC, 2017). Even though the incidence of CHB has decreased in the U.S. two ethnic groups with highest prevalence of CYB in U.S. are Asian with 1 in 12 Asian Americans have CHB, and 1in 10 African-born in U.S. has CHB (HepBMD, 2017). Approximately 90% of infants that get HBV becomes chronically infected and 1 out of 4 dies (CDC, 2017). A person with CHB is one hundred times more likely to develop liver cancer. An estimated 686,000 people die every year worldwide for complications of HBV 2,000 people in U.S. die yearly from HBV related liver
International Journal of Epidemiology 36.6 (2007): 1229-234. International Journal of Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 28 Sept. 2007. Web. The Web.
HAV is known to be an infectious disease that usually occurs in children and young adults .The disease is usually transmitted from person to person through contaminated food, liquids or oral fecal route. An example would be when someone is carrying the virus and doesn’t wash their hands after using the restroom and then puts food in their mouth. HAV is most common in developing countries because of the living conditions and inadequate water, poor sewage facilities and sanitary conditions. The highest HAV levels in the world are from India,” Earlier reports suggest that India is hyperendemic for HAV infection2,4-6 with very high infection rates,” (Sowmyanarayanan). Most HAV are without severe complications, “Virus HAV infection rarely causes fulminant hepatic failure in people…,” (Vento,p.1) . The symptoms for HAV are high fever, nausea, vomiting and jaundice...
Hepatitis B is a DNA viral infection that causes damage and inflammation to the liver. It was first discovered in 1965 by Dr. Baruch Blumberg. The HBV virus is very contagious and is even thought to be the most serious form of viral hepatitis and the most common viral infection on Earth. “HBV is 100 times more infectious than HIV.” (Green, 2002, pg. 7) The virus can survive for about one week outside the body on a dry surface. According to Green (2002, pg. 7), “One in twenty Americans has been infected with the virus at some point in their lives.” Between the ages of 15-39 is when 75% of new HBV infections occur, according to Green (2002, pg.8).
The signs and symptoms of blood borne pathogens vary based on the type of disease it is and the ability of a person’s immune system to fight it off. In most cases hepatitis B does not need to be treated and the body can fight it off on its own. However a long-term infection can develop in some people that can cause liver damage. There is a vaccination available to prevent acquiring the disease. The signs and symptoms for hepatitis C are usually mild. It can take two weeks to six months after contact before signs begin to show, or there may not be any symptoms at all. Hepatitis C typically becomes is a long-term infection and after many years will cause liver ...
Wolf, David. "Cirrhosis." Medscape reference. WebMd LLC, Sep 22 2011. Web. 4 Nov 2011. .
Hepatitis In modern society when a person gets sick with the flu or a cold they will usually go about their normal routine with the exception of a sneeze or a cough throughout the day. Sometimes things can be more than what they appear to be. The symptoms start out like the flu with coughing, fever, aches, and vomiting. However, the disease gradually worsens with symptoms of extreme weakness and excruciating abdominal pain. By then it is usually too late when the person finds out that their liver is failing and that there disease is caused by one of the most contagious, dangerous and deadliest of viruses. These viruses that were initially concealed by flu like symptoms are now known collectively as the disease of Hepatitis. The disease of Hepatitis is actually by six different types of viral infections, namely, Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and G. Hepatitis descries the destructive affect of the viral invasion of the body and liver by six and separate viruses. Each type of viral infection varies from one to another in degree of severity. The names of the viruses are in alphabetical order corresponding to their discovery. There is also a non-viral Hepatitis which is caused by substance. One rumor that has spread about hepatitis is that a person can only contract Hepatitis if associated with HIV or AIDS. This is not true! Any one can become infected with Hepatitis. Unfortunately this is about all most people know of Hepatitis. They need to know the full horror of which the virus is capable. The first of the Hepatitis viral infection to be discovered is Hepatitis A. Hep. A is the mild mannered virus compared to the other viruses. It has the symptoms of influenza, fever, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weakening of body, but it does have some differences such as jaundice (a yellowing pigmentation of the skin and whites of the eyes) and urine appears to be a darker color. Jaundice is caused by an abundance of bilirubon which has not been removed from the blood system due to the infected liver. Hep. A does not have any special medications or antibiotics that can be used to treat or prevent this unpleasant virus. Some ways of avoiding this viral infection include washing the hands very carefully and not eating food or drink of others. People living in the same house or having close contact should clean the area very thoroughly.
There is a disease spreading out in the world called Hepatitis C. It affects the liver and may cause the liver to fail. This disease is caused by a virus called Hepatitis C virus which is also known as HCV. About 32,000 people are affected with this disease per year only in the United States area. Some It’s a disease with many symptoms and many causes. of these symptoms are easy bruising, upset stomach and fever. These are just some of the many symptoms that come from the virus. Hepatitis Cs nature of the causative agent is determined by many things. The biological data of this disease is filled so much information. It is estimated that over 180 million people have gotten Hepatitis C and it is growing.
Hepatitis B, an infectious disease caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV, a DNA virus), was formerly called serum hepatitis, inoculation hepatitis and post-transfusion hepatitis. Infection with HBV may result in acute, fulminant or chronic hepatitis, sometimes even resulting in a chronic asymptomatic carrier state, apart from hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis (Davis 179). The disease is transmitted when an individual comes in contact with infected blood or objects. It may also be transferred from an infected mother to her infant either during or after birth (Zuckerman et al. 211). Transmission may also occur by accidental inoculation from infected needles and hospital equipment, intravenous drug abuse, body piercing, tattooing, and mouth-mouth kissing (Zuckerman et al. 210). The risk of Hepatitis B is particularly high in individuals with multiple sex partners, and in homosexuals. The HBV virus occurs in morphologically different forms in the serum of infected individuals. HBV infection has an incubation period of about 75 days. Systemic symptoms of the disease include fatigue, fever, dyspepsia, arthralgia, malaise, and rash, while local symptoms include hepatomegaly, jaundice, dark urine, and pale stools (Davis 179; Zuckerman et al. 210).
Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. (2009) WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may begin as a single tumor that grows larger over time or as a group of small tumors on and inside the liver that multiply and grow. HCC is most common in people with cirrhosis (chronic liver damage) or Hepatitis, and it is the most common form of liver cancer in adults. This type of liver cancer accounts for 4 out of 5 primary liver cancer diagnosis.
World Health Organisation (2003) [online] [Accessed 6th December 2013] Available from World Wide Web: < http://www.who.int/about/definition/en/print.html>
The DENV envelope protein E, which is found on the virus surface, has a role as a mediating factor in the initial attachment of the virus to the host cell. Further, several cellular proteins and carbohydrate molecules that act as attachment factors interacting with the viral envelope protein E have been identified. These factors allow the virus population to concentrate on the cell surface thus increasing their chance of access to their target cellular receptor(s). Some of these known molecules that interact with the vi...