The purpose of this study is to provide a green agent for hemp degumming process. In this study, plasma acid was collected by processing distilled water with dielectric barrier discharge device under atmospheric pressure.Then the plasma acid was used in hemp degumming process. The facilities and instruments required in the whole procedure were easy operation and low cost. In this experiment, bath ratio, temperature and processing time were main factors. The optimal scheme of plasma acid degumming process was proposed through orthogonal experiment. The results of the pectin and lignin removal rate tests revealed that plasma acid was effective in hemp degumming process. After plasma acid treatment, the content of pectin and lignin decreased by …show more content…
The pectin content was tested with this method. Each specimen weighed 1.2±0.010 g was tested 3 times. Samples were dried to constant weight at 105±3 oC, then the weight of the dried samples were tested and recorded as W1. Each dried sample was immersed into 60 ml 0.5% EDTA liquor, boiled in the YX series portable pressure steam sterilizer at 105±1 oC for 50 min, and then taken out. After filtering, the residue was dried to constant weight at 105±3 oC and recorded as W2. The pectin content P1 was calculated according to the formula …show more content…
The pectin removal rate and lignin removal rate were tested and shown in table 5. According to the testing results, under (A1 B3 C3) condition, the effect of plasma acid was better. The pectin removal rate was 58.553% and lignin removal rate was 43.70%.
X-ray diffractometer patterns of plasma acid degummed hemp fiber(b) and raw hemp fiber(a) were shown in figure 1. As can be seen from the graph, the main characteristic absorption peaks in (a) and (b) were almost the same, which belonged to the cellulose I. This showed that the plasma acid almost had no damage to hemp fiber. In addition, the hemp crystallinity increased after this processing.
During the preparation of plasma acid, water molecules dissociated protons and electrons, which led to the active and effective of plasma acid in hemp degumming. It was supposed that plasma acid worked in three aspects. Firstly, pectin ester degradation took place during plasma acid processing. Secondly, lignin swelled and further dissolved, including aromatic ring fracture and the molecular weight decrease, but no structural change. Lastly, hemicellulose glycosidic bond cracked and hemicellulose degraded in plasma acid. During the generation process of plasma acid, there was less pollution to the environment. And it is noteworthy that after several hours, the acidity of plasma
Forests cover 31% of the land area on our planet. They produce vital oxygen and provide homes for people and wildlife. Many of the world’s most threatened and endangered animals live in forests, and 1.6 billion people rely on benefits forests offer, including food, fresh water, clothing, traditional medicine and shelter (drug war facts, Page 1).
Hemp oil is extracted by pressing the raw hemp seeds from the Cannabis Sativa or hemp plant. While all of the species of Cannabis plants can produce oil, generally only industrial hemp is used to make hemp seed oil. Cold pressed, unrefined hemp oil has a rich, nutty flavor and green tint. But once refined, hemp oil becomes colorless and fairly flavorless.
While the tube for specimen Cb turned a tannish white in the lower half of the tube while the top stayed the lavender inoculated tube color. Do to this evidence I determined that both specimens Ca and Cb cannot use the process Casein hydrolysis or Casein coagulation due to lack of soft or firm curds in both tubes. Since there was no casein curds formed, I concluded that specimens Ca and Cb also cannot perform the process of proteolysis. My conclusion is supported by the fact that there was no clearing of the medium. I have also determine that neither of my organisms can make the enzymes rennin, proteolytic or even proteases. I know my specimens cannot produce proteases due to the fact that there was no blue coloring in the tubes which means that the byproduct Ammonia was not produced to increase the pH. Since neither of my specimens can make these enzymes, I concluded that my specimens cannot break down lactose or casein. Although I did learn that specimen Cb can reduce litmus due to the evidence that the lower part of the tube turned a tannish white color with a purple ring at the top. This color change from a purple to a white means that the litmus was reduced turning it clear and leaving the white of the milk to show. Finally I know that specimen Ca cannot reduce litmus due to the fact that the tube had no change in
Hemp was viewed as a threat to several competing industries which caused them to create a smear campaign against hemp. By associating hemp with marijuana and by creating the propaganda film “Reefer Madness” this caused hysteria amongst the population (History of Hemp, n.d.). Hemp prohibition started in the 1930s. Hemp was grouped under the umbrella of marijuana and effectively made illegal under the 1937 Marihuana Tax Act. Furthermore, In 1970 Industrial hemp was classified as marijuana under the Controlled Substance Act in spite of decades of government-funded research that identified industrial hemp to have a unique structure and function (Hemp’s History, n.d.). In spite of Hemp being illegal in America, Hemp is legally grown in about 30 countries around the world, with China and France as the leading producers of hemp. Canada our neighbor to the north legalized Hemp cultivation in 1998. Farmers, there must have a licensed and also grow approved low-THC seeds. Hemp grown in Canada has to be tested to ensure they contain less than 0.3 percent THC. This essay will
Investigation into the Digestion of Milk by Trypsin Background Knowledge = == == == ==
Gibbons V. Ogden, Heart of Atlanta, the Daniel Ball, and Solid Waste V. Army Corps of Engineers are all cases that have one thing common, Commerce; but, how do any of these cases relate to the legalization of marijuana in states like Colorado and Washington? There are a variety of different types of commerce, but the two main types that I have studied are interstate commerce and intrastate commerce. Interstate commerce is essentially the trade between goods across state borders, and intrastate is quite similar to interstate state commerce, but the buying and selling happens within state borders. Although these cases may not have anything to do with the legalization of marijuana in Colorado and
There are many different words for what was originally considered, “hemp” to the ancient world. Some are, cannabis, marijuana, weed, and pot. Over time, the different words have reflected the views and uses of hemp through different societies and time periods. Hemp dates back to the early Mesopotamian days in what is considered Turkey today. It is the first known plant to be domestically cultivated. According to research, “The oldest relic of human history is hemp fabric dated to 8,000 BCE.” In 1492, Christopher Columbus brought hemp as a rope to America. His ships were full of hemp fabric used for uniforms, parachutes, ropes, sails, baggage, shoes and many more military uses. To free the American colonies from England press, Benjamin Franklin started a paper mill, which used cannabis to create paper and print books. This allowed America to have free colonial press from Britian without having to ask for them. The Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution were both drafted on hemp paper. Betsey Ross made the first flag of the United States of America out of hemp, which was the strongest known fiber at the time. “Farmers from 1942 through 1945 who agreed to grow hemp were waived from serving in the military, along with their sons; that is how vitally important hemp was to America during World War II.” Henry Ford also used hemp-based plastic to create vehicles, which was proven to be stronger and lighter than steel and could withstand much more impact without denting. He also used hemp-based ethanol fuel, which was more efficient. Hemp had been used widely throughout the United States before it became illegal and served many purposes.
It takes many years for trees to grow until they can be harvested for paper or wood, but hemp is ready for harvesting in only 120 days after it is planted. Forests, woods, and tree farms require large tracts of land available in few locations, while hemp does not require that much space at all. Also according to hemp basics, Harvesting hemp rather than trees would also eliminate erosion due to logging, thereby reducing topsoil loss and water pollution caused by soil runoff (Hemp Basics). Another way hemp beats trees is in the quality. The quality of hemp paper is far superior to tree-based paper. Hemp paper will last hundreds of years without degrading, it can be recycled many more times than tree-based paper, and requires less toxic chemicals in the manufacturing process than does paper made from
Although considered faster and cheaper, this approach to providing other alternative resources to food is slowly but significantly drying up our plant and is compromising human health. Because of the increa...
Despite of general properties of enzymes, the properties also varies from where it comes from and how it been produced. For instance, the enzymatic saccharification method in lignocellulosic bioethanol is generated by hydrolyzing cellulose and hemicelluloses. This method gets high attention because of its higher theoretical yield compared to other methods (Taneda et al., 2012). Acremonium cellulolyticus with high activities of cellulase, amylase and pectinase enzymes allow it for the easy separation of solids/liquids in potato pulp, resulting in high saccharification efficiency and a high recovery rate of products (Gao et al., 2014). On the other hand, Enzyme-modified carboxymethyl starch (ECMS) is beneficial in enhancing water holding capacity, emulsion stability and improving sensory characteristics of sausages with a declined fat content (Luo and Xu, 2011). Lipases and phospholipases of dormant cotton seeds have stability in heat, various media and nature of the hydrolysis of the lipids properties (Rakhi...
Cold Plasma processing is preferred as one of the novel technology in the food processing sector. Rice samples was treated with low pressure cold plasma and investigated for physico-chemical properties (proximate composition, cooking parameters and textural properties). After treatment cooking time is reduced from 21 to 14 min and increase in cooking loss and water uptake ratio with increase in voltage and time of treatment. Water uptake kinetics showed there is decrease in rate constant in the plasma treated samples. Textural parameters showed decrease in hardness and stickiness (soft texture and easy to chew) with increase in voltage and time. Effect of cold plasma on surface morphology of rice was determined by investigating contact angle, surface energy and SEM graphs. There is decrease in contact angle and increase in surface energy after application of plasma. Thus, plasma treatment can be improves cooking properties and the quality of basmati rice.
This report will illustrate the enzymatic action of the enzyme catecholase, which is common in plants. To study this particular enzyme in a laboratory, the natural substrate catechol is oxidized by the removal of two hydrogen atoms. The substrates of the enzyme are catechol and oxygen. These substates react with one another within the active site of the enzyme. The products formed by this reaction are benzoquinone has a brown color, you can see that the reaction has taken place. This is called the fruit browning reaction. Benzoquinone inhibits the growth of microorganisms and prevents damaged fruit from rotting. In undamaged cells catecholase is stored in vesicles and does not interact with catechol.
Marijuana refers to the cured leaves and flower clusters of Cannabis sativa, a herbaceous annual plant often called "Indian Hemp." This plant is believed to have originated in Asia, and is one of man's oldest cultivated non-food plants. In fact, this plant has been domesticated for so long that it is no longer found in its wild state. One reason that cannabis has been so widely cultivated may be its utility to mankind. Durable fibers from the woody trunk can be used to produce hemp rope and cloth such as canvas (Carroll 1989). In the past, canvas was the only known material that did not rot upon repeated exposure to seawater, and so was the major material used to produce sails. Cannabis is also one of the most efficient producers of cellulose pulp which can be used to produce paper, including paper money (WWW 1). Oil from cannabis seeds is used to prepare paints and soaps. The seeds are also edible, most commonly used as birdseed (Carroll 1989).
The freshly squeezed citrus juices of Lemon,lime and orange were analysed through titration over the period of 2 weeks. Initially the lime juice was found to be slightly more acidic than the other juices followed by lemon juice and then orange juice since it is known that usually lime is more acidic than lemon and orange. It was hypothesised that the acidity of each juice will increase or decrease after the period of two weeks depending upon the sugar content of that citrus fruit that the juice is extracted from. The acidity of the juice with the highest sugar level will gradually increase over the period of time since sugar contribute to the the fermentation of the citrus juice to lactic acid. The hypothesis was shown to be correct;however
This clearly shows that the fruits and vegetables play a vital role in maintaining our good health. Fruits and vegetables are seasonal and grown in different parts of our country. They need to be stored for longer period and transported to different places. It makes necessary for us to find out whether there is any damage to the useful contents of the fruits and vegetable during the storage and transportation or due to some preservatives or other factors and what kind of nutrients, minerals, etc. are present in their juices. With this idea in mind, the project has been undertaken.