Hemophilia
Hemophilia is a hereditary bleeding disorder. (1, 36)(2, 759)(3, 529)(5, ____) (6) (7) (8) (10) (12) (13) (14) Hemophilia is a disease where the blood does not clot normally. (1, 36)(3, 529)(2, 759)(5,____)(6)(10)(13) “Hemo” means blood and “philla” means a tendency towards.(6)(7) In most people when they get a cut the platelets plug the hole and release chemicals which attract proteins and activate proteins found in the blood that are known as clotting factors.(6) The proteins mix with the platelets and create fibres; the fibres then make the clot stronger and stop the bleeding.(6) Hemophilia is a deficiency in one of the 12 blood clotting factors. (2, 759)(3, 529)(5, )(6)(8)(12)When blood doesn’t clot as fast as it is supposed to heavy blood loss can occur as well as body organs and tissues can be damaged and can result in permanent injury or death.(13) There are two different types of Hemophilia this was discovered in 1950s.(6)(10)(13)(14) The first type is Hemophilia A which is a deficiency in Clotting factor VIII and accounts for about 80% of all cases. (6)(10)(13) (14) The second type is Hemophilia B (Christmas disease) which is a deficiency in Clotting factor IX it occurs in 1 in 34,500 males. (6)(10)(13)(14) Also there are three levels of severity of hemophilia. (6)(13)If a person produces 1% of a normal level of clotting factor or less then they have severe Hemophilia. (6)(13) If they produce 2% to 5% of the normal level they have moderate Hemophilia, someone who produces 6% to 50% of the normal level they have mild hemophilia. (6)(13) If you have mild hemophilia u might bleed excessively only once in a while, while someone with severe hemophilia is more prone to bleeding excessively often. (6)(14) Most people with hemophilia discover the condition at a very young age. (6) But, sometimes a person with very mild hemophilia will not discover it until they have a minor surgery; it’s discovered in the blood tests that the doctors perform before the surgery. (6)
Hemophilia is caused by a defective gene on the X chromosome. (4)(5,____)(6)(7)(8)(13)The Y chromosome has no genes for clotting factors so it is not affected. A boy who has the defective X chromosome will be a haemophiliac. (5, ____) (6)(13) (14) Where as a girl with the defective X chromosome will be a carrier of hemophilia. It is extremely rare for a girl to inherit hemophilia on both X chromosomes.
Thrombocytopenia affects 6% to 10% of all pregnant women and, other than anemia, is the most common hematologic disorder in pregnancy (McCrae, 2010). The blood consists of three main ingredients: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Each plays an essential function to provide the human body with elements and protects the body against any exterior viral and infection. Platelets are responsible to help blood to clot. The deficiency or disorder of platelets lead to disease called Thrombocytopenia. This issue is diagnosed when platelets are less than 150,000 platelets per microliter of blood (Erkurt, et. al, 2012).
Genetic disorders can be caused by many of the 46 chromosomes in human cells. This specific disorder is linked to a mutation in the long arm of the X, or 23rd chromosome. The mutation is recessive, meaning a normal X chromosome can hide it. Females have two X chromosomes allowing them to hide the mutated recessive one, making them a carrier of the gene, while males only have one X chromosome, meaning that they are unable to hide the mutation and they become effected by the disease. Therefore if a male carries the gene, he is affected because he has no way of dominating the recessive gene, but if a female carries it, she is only a carrier and has a 50/50 chance of passing it on to her baby. This may seem like a high probability however, only one in every fifty thousand male births will have this immunodeficiency disease.
Hemophilia is a genetic bleeding disorder. People who have hemophilia have a deficiency or an absence of a coagulation protein. A blood clotting factor is deficient or absent. Bleeding is most often in joints, such as the knee, elbow, or ankle, but bleeding can occur anywhere in the body. People with hemophilia bleed longer, not faster.
Turner’s affects the second X chromosome in a chromosome pair. This X is either incomplete or missing completely, which causes a decrease in fetal development and also a decrease in the development after birth. Since Turner’s affects the second X chromosome, this means that Turner’s only affects females. However, females of a certain race, nationality or those who live in a certain region of the world have the same risk of having Turner’s. One in every 2000 to 2500 baby girls are born with Turner’s, according to the National Health Service in the United Kingdom. Normally if a baby is conceived with an X chromosome missing, the body will naturally abort the baby, which is a miscarriage. Turner’s is usually the cause of almost 10% of miscarriages in the first trimester.
Different people define success in many different ways. What is considered success by one person may be viewed as failure by another person. Randy Shilts, a homosexual newspaper reporter / author, attempts to make fundamental changes in America’s opinion on AIDS. In Randy Shilts’s essay, "Talking AIDS to Death," he speaks of his experiences as an "AIDS celebrity." At the core of Shilts’s essay is the statement, "Never before have I succeeded so well; never before have I failed so miserably"(221). Shilts can see his accomplishments from two points of view- as a success and as a failure. Despite instant fame, Shilts is not satisfied with the effects his writings has on the general public. Shilts’s "success" and reasons for failure can both be considered when one decides whether or not his efforts were performed in vain.
Hepatitis is the inflammation or swelling of the liver. The inflammation can happen from different injuries or viral forms of a disease. People who experience hepatitis have the symptoms of malaise, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, fever and jaundice. There are six known forms of Hepatitis which are Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, Hepatitis E and Hepatitis G. The presence of hepatitis in the body can be very risky and cause severe death if not taken care of. Hepatitis is a severe issue that affect many people around the world like third world countries and cross contamination can occur mainly in health care places due to the exposure of patients with the disease and accidents handling blood or instruments, Hepatitis A,B,C,D,E and G are distinct diseases that differ in transmission and vaccines to prevent them or cure them.
Tsar Nicholas II and his Tsarina, Empress Alexandra, had only one son, Tsarevich Alexei. However, Alexei had inherited from his great-grandmother Queen Victoria the life-threatening genetic disease hemophilia B, a sex-linked genetic disease on the X chromosome that caused a condition of deficiency in blood-clotting and excessive bleeding, symptoms that usually remain hidden unless contracted by a male (Fuhrmann 37; King 28). To Nicholas II, it was imperative that he have a son to succeed him to secure the throne. Alexei was Nicholas’s sole male heir, giving Nicholas the incentive to protect his son at all costs. Without a scientific cure for the genetic disease, Alexandra turned to religion, namely Grigori Rasputin, a poor uneducated Siberian peasant to protect her son.
In Shakespeare's play, Romeo and Juliet, Friar Laurence has a major role. As a member of the Order of St. Francis, a group of wise and generous priests, Romeo and Juliet trusted Friar Laurence completely, turning to him for advice, and solutions. He was there throughout Romeo’s and Juliet's lives; he married them, came up with a plan to keep them together, and was a friend throughout their tragedies. However, Friar Laurence’s rash action in marrying Romeo and Juliet, his shortsighted plan for rescuing Juliet from an unwanted marriage to Paris, and his fear of committing sin all contributed to the deaths of Romeo and Juliet.
Friar Laurence’s involvement in the marriage of Romeo and Juliet has caused a tragedy. Romeo and Juliet thought that they fell in love, but the Friar should have known that they were just kids and they were really rushing into things. In Romeo and Juliet, Friar Laurence says, “These violent delights have violent ends. Is loathsome in his own deliciousness, and in the taste confounds the appetite: Therefore love moderately: long love doth so, too swift arrives as tardy as too slow.” When he says this, he is giving Romeo a warnin. Also, Friar Lawrence should have known at the time, that Romeo was loving with his eyes and not with his heart. For example, Romeo was in a relationship with Rosaline, before marrying Julliet. Inonclusion , the Friar did not have the expierence to know that they were kids.
Friar Laurence’s actions throughout the play resulted in the two star crossed lovers’ death. He assisted the two when they wanted to get married, which began the disastrous events in the play. Friar Laurence says to Romeo:In one respect I’ll thy assistant be.
Sex-linked disorders only affect males and are passed down through female carriers. A boy inherits the disorder when he receives an X chromosome with a mutated dystrophin gene (the genetic cause) from his mother. The dystrophin gene is the largest gene found in nature and was identified through a positional cloning approach. It's a highly complex gene, a large rod-like cytoskeletal protein which is found at the inner surface of muscle fibers. (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
When Juliet hears after marrying Romeo that she must be married to Paris, a count, in two days, she rushes to Friar Laurence’s cell to speak of her sorrow. When Friar Laurence hears of how Juliet wishes to die if he cannot fix the problem, Friar Laurence says that he can help her if she has “the strength of will to slay [her]self” (4.1.73). This shows that Friar Laurence is again not worried about Juliet herself and her safety, but about what he can do to reconcile her family and Romeo’s. He offers this proposition when he already knows Juliet is willing to die and vulnerable. Lastly, his resulting plan is what sets the play’s tragedy in motion. Though Friar Laurence had many opportunities to back away from his involvement, keeping Juliet and Romeo safe, he does not. This shows that his interference – and the way he goes about it – are responsible for Romeo and Juliet’s
While at first he is optimistic about the match, thinking it may help unite the two warring families, it is later very evident that Friar Laurence doubts the rightness of the decision. His doubts is first expressed in Act 2, Scene 6 while he and Romeo are waiting for Juliet's arrival. This is obvious when Friar exclaims “So smile the heavens upon this holy act that after-hours with sorrow chide us not!” (Act 2 Scene 6 Line 1 and 2). Friar Laurence is saying that he hopes the heavens, or God, will approve of this secret union, and not reproach them later for the union by giving them sorrows. One reason why he doubts the marriage is the right thing to do is because he recognizes that Romeo is far too young to really understand what love is. Friar Laurence rightly sees that their love is really just intense passion and infatuation that is likely to end, as we see in his lines, "These violent delights have violent ends and in their triumph die, like fire and powder" (Act 2 Scene 6 Line 9 and 10). Hence, both of these passages help prove that Friar Laurence's decision to marry them was not the best one. Furthermore, we know that his decision to marry the couple helped lead to their deaths because, had Juliet not already been married when her father insisted that she marry Paris, Friar Laurence would not have also made the decision to fake Juliet's death in order to help her out of the mess, a decision that leads to Juliet's real death, as well as Romeo's. One thing that we see Friar Laurence do that is unusual for a member of the priesthood is act deceptively. Friar Laurence deceives the parents of both Romeo and Juliet by marrying their children behind their backs. However, marrying them was not the most prudent decision for a priest to make, regardless that he did it under the best intentions of uniting their warring families. It may have
He published a comprehensive medical description of the syndrome. It was not until 1959, that it became clear the syndrome was due to lack of sex chromosome material. Turner's Syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder that affects one in approximately 2,500 females. Females normally have two X-chromosomes. However, in those with Turner's Syndrome, one X chromosome is absent or is damaged.
Friar Laurence made many bad decisions when he was dealing with the two teenagers that he easily could’ve avoided. He trusted Juliet, an unbalanced teenage girl, with a poison that would assist her in faking her death. This decision was just one of many bad ones the friar made. Friar Laurence shows his negligence by saying “If / though has the strength of will to slay thyself/take thou this vial/no warmth, no breath shall testify thou livest;” (4.1.71,93,98) This quote shows the true neglegence of Friar Laurence’s responsibility, because he is instructing her to fake a suicide. Friar Laurence’s idea for Juliet is very misguiding, and for an adult, he should have considered what terrible things this decision could bring. Everyone thinks that Juliet is dead and shortly after, she is buried alive in the tomb. If Friar Laurence did not let Juliet drink the fake poison, she would have never been put in the situation that she was in, which leads her to her real death.