The heavy metal tungsten (W) is used in many applications
worldwide due to its high melting point and strength when
alloyed with other metals. Tungsten and its alloys were
generally considered inert and therefore posed little threat
to the environment and biological systems (Koutsospyros
et al., 2006). Consequently, in the late 1990s, the US military
replaced lead (Pb) and depleted uranium (DU) in kinetic
energy penetrators and small ammunitions with tungsten
and its alloys. The tungsten containing munitions were
thought to be safe and were termed “green bullets” in the
media. However, recent findings suggest that tungsten may
have detrimental effects on biological systems.
cells induced to undergo apoptosis by topotecan treatment
(Kratzmeier et al., 1999). Cytoplasmic pools in histone H1
in murine hepatocytes have also previously been identified
(Zlatanova et al., 1990), as well as the presence of cytoplasmic
H1 in intestinal villi cells undergoing apoptosis (Rose
et al., 1998). While a functional connection between the
cytoplasmic localization of H1b and/or H1d an...
Lanthanum oxide and other rare earth oxides are used in making of the optical glasses, in the preparation of glass fibers for optical purposes, in gasoline-cracking catalysts, polishing compounds, carbon arcs, and in the iron and steel industries to remove sulfur, carbon, and other electronegative elements from iron and steel (Ganjali et al. 2006). Lanthanum ions accelerate hydrolysis of phosphate ester binding by 13 orders of magnitude. This suggests that phosphate di ester in DNA may also suffer such destruction. Thus, lanthanum should be situated among the class of highly toxic metal ions that are potentially effective against micro and higher organisms. Lanthanum chloride manifests as antitumor. Genotoxicity of lanthanum (III) in human peripheral blood lymphocytes has also been reported. Lanthanum chloride caused changes in lipid peroxidation, the redox system, and ATPase activities in plasma membranes of rice seeding roots (Haiduc and Silvestru 1990; Yongxing, Xiaorong, and Zichun 2000).
In September 1917, the Germans introduced the mustard gas or Yperite which was contained in artillery shells against the Russians at Riga. Those exposed to mustard gas experienced painful blisters internally and externally and blindness.... ... middle of paper ... ... Technology in World War I laid a foundation for even more powerful and deadly weapons, such as the nuclear bomb.
Silvery white and soft enough to be cut with a knife, gallium takes on a
When many people think about the element Tungsten, one common visual tends to come to mind; a light bulb. Although most know Tungsten for being used in the light bulb, it has many other uses as well that aren’t as commonly known. Tungsten was first discovered by two brothers in Spain during 1783. The brothers were named Juan Jose and Fausto de Elhuyar, and they discovered Tungsten while working one day. They were the first people whom discovered that Tungsten had the ability to become an element, so they combined reduced tungstic acid with charcoal, and made a new creation. They decided to call this new creation Wolfram. Wolfram was the original name for Tungsten. It is also the reason as to why the symbol for Tungsten on the periodic table is a W. Tungsten does not have countless amounts of natural isotopes, but it still has a fair amount. Tungsten contains about five naturally occurring isotopes, and they are Tungsten-180, Tungsten-182, Tungsten-183, Tungsten-184, and Tungsten-186.
Design of a welding mechanism to weld the terminal pins at the bridge into a continuous
Copper is one of the earliest elements known to man. Because of its distinct red color, Copper is very easily identified. In the ancient times, copper could be found lying in the ground in its unattached state without interaction to other substances. Copper and its compounds have many uses in today’s society.
These NPs are absorbed by cancerous cells and play an important role in photothermal therapy. In addition, iron oxide NPs induce DNA damage and necrosis/ apoptosis because these NPs convert to iron ions and generate free radicals and ROS.
Cadmium, symbol, Cd, is a silvery white metallic chemical element with a faint blue tinge to it. It is the fifty-seventh most commonly found element in the earth. It was discovered by F. Stromeyer, in 1817, in Germany. Stromeyer was studying a sample of zinc carbonate which separated into a the new element ultimately called cadmium. The only cadmium materials, greenockite (cadmium sulfide) and otavile (cadmium carbonate) are found in zinc oxide and zinc carbonate.
In 1817, an aging Swedish chemist was pouring over his work on a late afternoon in Stockholm, Sweden. He was analyzing a strange ore named Petalite that had been procured from an island off the coast of Sweden called Utö. The ore Petalite (which is now recognized to be LiAl(Si2O5)2) had been discovered by a Brazilian scientist, José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva towards the end of the 18th century on a visit to Sweden. This Swedish scientist, Johann August Arfvedson, detected traces of an unknown substance in his sample of Petalite. This was the first discovery of Lithium.
Welding is the key to the evolution of life in various ways that some people will never understand. The most important events in our nation’s history could not have happened without the arts and tools created by welders around the world. Wars, cities, nations, and even continents all evolved and became bigger, better, and stronger because of the creation of welding. The smallest and the biggest structures on earth have all been touched or designed by welders across the world. We are all nearby some type of structural iron and steel working every day not even realizing it without taking a second look. Welders themselves mostly do not think nothing about the arts of welding until after they finish the job because it comes so natural to them. Welders’ jobs are not just limited to creating weapons or skyscrapers, but they also save lives and put roofs over people’s heads every day.
There is many different types of welding, whether it’s welding steel or any different type of material. Depending on the type of material depends on the process of welding and the welding materials that you use. Welding is a form of fabrication that joins the metal together by using heat and electricity to bond the two. The most popular types of welding are shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), gas metal arc welding (GMAW), flux-cored arch welding (FCAW), submerged arc welding (SAW).
Thorium is the nuclear fuel that should have been. Thorium has many advantages over uranium but was and most likely will never be used as a nuclear fuel source. There is only one primary reason thorium was never used as a nuclear fuel source - this reason is wartime politics. There are also reasons we aren’t going to make a switch anytime soon. These reasons include our lack of experience with Thorium, the amount of money it would take to convert uranium nuclear reactors to thorium (or build new reactors), and lack of infrastructure in place for thorium. However, other countries are investing heavily on thorium. India is planning to handle 30% of their electrical needs with thorium in the near future. China is also heavily investing with the same general plan - 30% dependency.
Cadmium is ubiquitous in agricultural soils and is of concern because of its potential toxicity to the ecosystem. It is one of the most toxic and mobile metallic elements in soils. The presence of Cd in agricultural ecosystems is of concern because of its high toxicity and affinity for biological tissues (Onyatta, 1998). Cadmium is considered a non-essential element for plants and animals but is a contaminant in the human diet and accumulates in the body over time leading to health problems such as kidney dysfunction and osteomalacia (Fergusson, 1990). Cadmium is found in soil parent materials and further more the soil environment is storage for Cd and other trace metals which are introduced through atmospheric deposition and application of sewage sludges, or phosphate fertilizers, therefore these are important pathways for Cd contamination to the terrestrial food chain.