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Health belief model constructs
Health belief model constructs
Health belief model constructs
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The Health Belief Model is one of the most common widely used behavior change theory that predicts preventative health behavior. It explains why patients take or do not take action to improve their health. The Health Belief Model is based on the patients perceived susceptibility to the disease, perceived benefits of making the change and perceived barriers that prevent the change of behavior. It helps distinguish illness behavior from health behavior and shows why a patient would be motivated into changing their health behavior practices and utilize health
Major Assumptions Once health care professionals have a firm foundation on Mishel’s uncertainty in illness theory, understanding the theory’s assumptions will assist nurses to apply evidence-based practice to real world situations. For example, in Mishel’s reconceptualized version of the theory, the major assumption is related to uncertainty and the way in which individuals function when presented with a chaotic state (Mishel, 2011). A fluctuation in control can create chaos while enhancing an individual’s willingness to change (Alligood, 2014). Uncertainty occurs when an individual cannot adequately categorize an illness-related event because of lack of sufficient cues (Alligood, 2014). This uncertainty in life can take many forms.
The essay will describe the biopsychosocial model of health and its development including who developed the model, then it will look at the models separately which are the biomedical, psychological and sociological models. This essay will outline the effects that diabetes has on people in different ways in relation with the biopsychosocial model of health.
Firstly, as a GP, it is crucial to explore the biopsychosocial model of health. One must realise that biological, psychological and social factors all contribute to a person’s overall health. The social dimension cannot be ignored in Anne’s case. According to the World Health Organisation, the social determinants of health are ‘the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age.’ (World Health Organisation. 2013) From the information provided, one could suggest that various social factors have contributed to Anne’s obesity. Anne grew up in a deprived area of the inner city. Growing up in a deprived area does not directly cause obesity, however, social determinants are known as causes of the causes of ill health. (WMA. 2011) Obesity can be caused by consuming too many calories, leading a sedentary lifestyle and not sleeping enough. (Christian Nordqvist. 2011) These, in turn, could be referred to as consequences of living in the inner city. Studies have shown that ‘inner city parents have high levels of anxiety about neighbourhood safety. While these concerns may not entirely explain the discrepancy in activity levels between inner city and suburban children, a safe environment is crucial to increasing opportunities for physical activity.’ (Weir, L.A., Etelson, D. & Brand, D.A. 2006) Similarly, it is possible that Anne’s socio-economic status has influenced her smoking since a person below the poverty threshold is more likely than somebody at or above the threshold to be both a current smoker and not to have quit. (Flint, A.J. & Novotny, T.E. 1997)
Nurses should perform interventions and educate to encourage healthy behavior when an individual is not presently ill. Furthermore, relevance of this model regarding individuals who are presently ill is practically inconsequential due to lack of immediate curative factors. Regardless, the model can still be useful in educating the ill patient on how to participate in health promoting behavior that will prevent onset or further progression of illnesses. The goal of healthcare providers should be to evaluate, intervene, and help patients set realistic goals that accommodate the multidimensional aspects of their life in order to effectively promote optimal health as the end
The key concept of the health belief model includes threat perception (perceived threat), behavioral evaluation, self-efficacy and other variables. The threat perception has very great relevance in health-related behaviors. This perception are measured by perceived susceptibility (the beliefs about the likelihood of contacting a disease) and perceived severity (the feeling about the seriousness of contacting an illness and leaving it untreated). The behavioral evaluation is assessed by the levels of perceived benefits (the positive effects to be expected), perceived barriers (potential negative aspects of a health behavior), and cues to action (the strategies to activated one’s readiness). The self-efficacy key concept was not originally included in of the health belief model, and it was just added in 1998 to look at a person’s belief in his/her ability to take action in order to make a health related change. The other variables that are also the key concepts of the model include diverse demography, sociopsychology, education, and structure. These factors are variable from one to another and indirectly influence an individual’s health-related behavior because the factors influence the perception...
In this essay, I will be using the understanding of two psycho-social theories, the theory of planned behavior and the health belief model, and the professional ethics to explain how it can lead to the development of concordant medicines-taking behavior in Amira Masood. Concordant is which doctor, pharmacist and patient agree therapeutic decisions that including their respective opinions, to a deeper understanding which extends from prescribing communication to patient support in medicine taking. (1) I will be also discussing the issues of consent and confidentiality arising in the case. The health belief model is comprising by four basic beliefs.
The seven stages are broken down and explain an individual’s actions towards their health behavior change. The first stage begins with the person being unaware of the issue. The person is does not know that there is a problem with their behavior so they do nothing to change it. In the second stage, the individual is unengaged by the issue. They know their behavior causes health risks or is dangerous, yet they choose not to do anything about it. In stage three, the individual is deciding what the best plan would be if they did chose to act. The person knows about the problem, they are interested in making a change, and they are taking initiative by planning towards their behavior change. Stage four then separates those who are aware of their health risk but they decide not to act. Stage five includes the individuals who do decide to act in their health behavior change. Acting occurs after stage five, and it is taking action to make changes in their lifestyle. Stage six does not include the maintenance because it is completing the first step towards the health behavior change. Stage seven is the end of the precaution adoption process model. It is the maintenance of the actions taken towards the health behavior change. The precaution adoption process model is a very detailed theory about how individuals process the ways to make a behavior change. It helps determine where they are mentally, and also what they are willing to do to lower their health
Aim of this paper is to examine and present the application of social cognition models in the prediction and alternation of health behavior. Social cognition models are used in health practices in order to prevent illness or even improve the health state of the individuals in interest, and protect their possibly current healthy state. This essay is an evaluation of the social cognition models when used to health behaviors. Unfortunately it is impossible to discuss extensively all the models and for this reason we will analyze three of the most representative cognitive models to present an integrated idea of their application.
Essay question 1: Critically discuss the biomedical model and social model of health and how they relate to lay perspectives on health and illness.
Health psychology has been an appealing subject to me because it is relatable on many levels. Of the topics we have covered in class I think unit 3 have left the deepest impression. Stress is something everyone can relate to but probably understood on the minimum. Stress is a common experience for university students and without an exception I fall victim to it every time an exam or presentation comes up. Learning about this topic, what stress is, what it does to your body, how it affects your behavior has lead me to reflect upon past experiences in a way that I can learn to better cope with the effects of stress.
According to the Social Cognitive Theory, changing a behavior is a function of individual characteristics: a person’s sense of self efficacy about the new behavior, their confidence and overcoming barriers. The person’s behavioral capability, expectations and expectancies, their level of self-control and emotional coping ability; environmental factors: the social and physical environment surrounding individuals. The behavior of others (“modeling”) and the consequences of that behavior, which result in vicarious learning. The situation in which the behavior takes place, and perceptions of the situation by individuals. Reinforcements (negative or positive) that are given to individuals in response to the behavior; the interactive process of reciprocal determinism where a person acts based on individual factors and social/environmental cues, receives a response from that environment, adjust behavior, acts again and so on (Edberg, 2015). Ensuring that patients receive social skills training, self-efficacy boost, an educational component and vicarious learning is in alignment with the social cognitive theory. Unfortunately, there are certain regions that suffer from health and socioeconomic disparities that lead to extraordinarily poor health outcomes that would benefit from the implementation of the social cognitive
Behavior is an important keyword when discussing health promotion theories because lifestyle modification requires a change in beliefs and attitude. Many health promotion theories explain how behavior can enhance or deter a patients progress in health related activities. Nola Pender, a nursing theorist and educator, has developed the Health Promotion Model (HPM). The three main parts of the HPM ar...
Social cognitive theory relates the performance of a behaviour change to an individual’s expectations of his or her particular performance and their probability in accomplishing that particular change (Plake). In regards to this specific model there are two types of expectations, outcomes and efficacy. Outcome expectations referring specifically to an individual’s belief that performance of a specific task or behaviour will lead to a specific outcome. Efficacy expectations refer to a person’s belief that they will be able to perform that behaviour change. All of the above mentioned facts can link specifically to various health behaviours that require changing in regards to Hypertension. When looking at specific health behaviours that are most often focused on there are five main areas which become prominent and seem to be the most problematic when dealing spe...
Health psychology is a relatively new concept rapidly growing and could be defined as the biological and psychological influences affect ones behaviour also bringing in social influences of health and illness (MacDonald, 2013). Biological determinants consider genetic and biological factors of an illness whereas psychological determinants focus on the psychological factors such as why people behave the way they do when dealing with issues such as anxiety and stress. Models such as the Health Belief Model and Locus of Control were developed in attempt to try and explain psychological issues around a chronic illness such as breast cancer (Ogden, 2012). Sociological factors can cause an enormous amount of pressure for one to behave in a certain way for example gender roles in society and religious considerations when dealing with health beliefs. Health Beliefs can be defined as one’s own perception to their own personal health and illness and health behaviours (Ogden, 2012). There are also theories and models used to explain pain and coping with diagnosis such as Moos and Schaefer (1984) Crisis theory and Shontz (1975) cycle of grief people go through when being diagnosed with a serious illness.
... wants their patients to start eating healthier it could help give them ideas on how to change their patient’s intentions. The health care provider could help the patient realize that the important people in their life want them to eat healthy, and this could help change their behavior. They could educate them on the effects of eating healthier and ultimately change their attitude about eating healthy. For example, the patient does not have to cut junk food out completely; they just have to eat it in moderation. This is just one situation were the theories could help in the health care field. There are many other ways these theories are useful. It is important to understand these theories in order to understand that behavior is affected by someone’s intentions. This makes it easier to understand what affects a person’s intentions and how they can be changed.