GREEK DRAMA: the actors
The actors in ancient tragedies were hired and paid by the state and assigned to the tragic poets probably by lot. By the middle of the fifth century three actors were required for the performance of a tragedy. In descending order of importance of the roles they assumed they were called protagonist ‘first actor’ (a term also applied in modern literary criticism to the central character of a play), Dueteragonist ‘second actor’ and tritagonist “third actor’. The protagonist took the tile of the most important character in the play while the other two actors played the lesser roles. Since most plays have more than two or three characters (although never more than three speaking actors in the same seen), all three actors played multiple roles.
In modern literary criticism, the term protagonist refers to the central character of the play, not the actor. Since women were not allowed to take part in dramatic productions, male actors has to play female roles. The playing of multiple roles, both male and female, was made possible by the use of masks, which prevented the audience from identifying the face of any actor with one specific character in the play and helped eliminate the physical incongruity of men impersonating women. The masks with subtle variations also helped the audience identify the sex age and social rank of the characters. The fact that the chorus remained in the orchestra throughout the play, and sang and danced choral songs between the episodes. Allowed the actors to exit after an episode in order to change mask and costume and assume a new role in the next episode without any illusion-destroying interruption in the play.
Another reason a patient may opt to euthanasia is to die with dignity. The patient, fully aware of the state he or she is in, should be able choose to die in all their senses as opposed to through natural course. A patient with an enlarged brain tumor can choose to die respectively, instead of attempting a risky surgery that could leave the patient in a worse condition then before the operation, possibly brain-dead. Or a patient with early signs of Dementia or Alzheimer’s disease may wish to be granted euthanization before their disease progresses and causes detrimental loss of sentimental memories. Ultimately it should be the patient’s choice to undergo a risky surgery or bite the bullet, and laws prohibiting euthanasia should not limit the patient’s options.
to ensure that he and Will have a relationship based on respect and responsibility. He would be responsibility in guiding and teaching Will steps to overcome his struggles and it would be Will’s responsibility to come to each session and apply what he has learned to his situation; however, the primary goal of Adlerian therapy is to help clients change their inaccurate assumptions about others and the world.
Throughout the plays, the reader can visualize how men dismiss women as trivial and treat them like property, even though the lifestyles they are living in are very much in contrast. The playwrights, each in their own way, are addressing the issues that have negatively impacted the identity of women in society.
...the female and male gender across cultures. This role can cause problems when mistaking a male for a female much like Gallimard did in the play. Everyone from children, to the media, creates stereotypes. Stereotypes corrupt members of society, compelling them to view cultures and gender unfairly. Societies must eliminate the amount of stereotypes that are being distributed to various cultural around the world. Stereotypes are powerful, limiting, and discriminatory, and they prevent people from understanding other cultures fully. Without the demolition of stereotypical ideas, cultures that stereotype others will not see the differences between the stereotypical ideas and the real ideas of a culture.
many more. This was purposefully done in an attempt to make the audience relate to a certain character. In doing so, they could imagine that they were indeed a part of the play to some extent. As a result, these characters have significant religious meanings and serve as a form of inspiration to other women. This would mainly apply to those women who were in attendance. This would include women of all classes that simply wanted to watch a play.
William Shakespeare's Othello is a remarkable tale of trust, deceitfulness, lust and the most destructive of human emotions: vengeance and hatred. Iago better known as Othello's antagonist embodies vengeance and hatred to move an agenda to squash all who oppose Iago's plans. As defined by Merrium-Webster the definition of a protagonist is a principal character in a literary work or a leading actor, character, or participant in a literary work. Othello by Shakespeare is a play about Othello an example of a tragic hero with all figures centered around Othello as the protagonist yet, Othello has two main leading characters. Iago and Othello have stark contrasts as leading roles and different themes represented through the actions, words, and moral compass of both characters. As Othello plays out the audience finds that Iago is the driving force behind Othello and the cause for all chaos. Iago's thirst for vengeance due to feeling dissatisfied and passed over potential lieutenant position pushes Iago to ruin the lives of all associated with Othello. The thirst for vengeance drives Iago as Iago drives the plot achieving all goals and because of this Iago is the true protagonist of Othello.
Alfred Adler was the founder of Adlerian Counseling. He was born in 1870 in the country of Austria. who gave his theory the name Individual Psychology, because he wanted people to see that his theory and methods were designed to help clients help themselves. He believed that everyone had and internal need to be a part of society, and a desire to contribute to that society. That everyone strives for perfection, and everyone initially feels inferior to everyone else. He believed that when that feeling is not overcome, inferiority complexes develop, and if a person tries to overcompensate for inferiority, the develop superiority complex.
In the counseling process, counselors recognize behaviors and attitudes of clients. Counselors also observe how clients function and how they view themselves. Adlerians try to view the world from their clients ' perspective, so they can learn more about the client and help them achieve their self-defined goals. Adlerian theory believes that though clients set personal goals which determine their different movements based on the different situation, what is consistent is the clients present attitudes and hope about the future. Although Alder did not believe that we are our past, he did believe that sometimes our past did affect us in certain ways. To assist clients in overcoming their situations, counselors incorporate
People that are seen as having a disability are often passed through the majority of their classes or are not properly taught. In other words, teachers and professors may expect less from them. This does not benefit the student nor does it show that the teacher is interested in trying to help students with such disorders. In what possible way does it make sense to send someone out into the world without teaching them to the best of their capabilities? The lack of effort in the teacher’s work ethic comes off quite arrogant and selfish. It is the responsibility of a teacher to prepare the student for the real world and give them every piece of knowledge they can
On the contrary, when we feel discouraged, we will tend to act negatively in ways such as becoming competitive or giving up. He believed that human behavior patterns were strongly influenced by feelings of acceptance and encouragement by others. This theory entirely makes sense, in the way that if you think about it, we act like this almost every day. When we feel like people appreciate us and acknowledge the things we do, we generally feel more optimistic and confident. According to Henry Stein, an Alderian psychologist, Alderian psychology has seven main concepts1: Unity of the individual (thoughts and emotions correlating with life patterns), goal orientation (how realistic one’s goals are and the intentions of such goals), self-determination and uniqueness (how our goals are influenced), social context (how we as humans play a part in society), feelings of community (feeling of acceptance in social settings), mental health (overall feeling of mental wellbeing), and treatment. One of the main ideas throughout Alderian psychology is a person’s ability to cope with feelings of inferiority towards people around them. He wrote a book titled Über den nervösen Charakter (The Neurotic Character) in which he explained that he believed that personality could be explained teleologically (by showing the purpose). Adler
Most critics (6) agree that Shakespeare wrote characters that do not conform to defined gender roles to criticize gender stereotypes that existed as heroic men or passive women. Cakebread uses the ambiguity of the Witches’ gender as an example they aid in questioning what many believe are typical masculine and feminine attributes. Furthermore, Alfar points out that Shakespeare uses his characters to show that characteristics cannot be deemed as masculine or feminine. For example, violence cannot be associated as solely a trait expressed by the men in this tragedy. Asp looks at stereotypes that Shakespeare displays throughout the play and in Asp’s opinion, Macbeth’s wrongdoings stem from his insecurities of not fully embodying the definition of a true man. Ramsey adds to Asp’s argument by trying to prove that Shakespeare is asking the question, “What is a man?” Throughout, this question is explored and Shakespeare exposes the ambiguity in the definition of man in Lady Macbeth questioning Macbeth’s courage, an attribute not to be overlooked when defining a true man. Smuts also agrees but added something unique in that not only are the definiti...
...problems on their own, and understand his insights on their life style. He believed patients couldn’t be forced into understanding their problems. Adler thought that if he told his patients directly, “look, this is what your problem is!”, he or she will not want to continue therapy and pull away from help instead, because people do not like to be told what’s wrong with them. To Adler a patient had to be willing and in the correct state of mind to be able to listen and must want to understand to get his help. That’s the only way he could influence his patients and help them out using his theories. The therapists could encourage the patients by creating an honest relationship with them and gain their trust, but he believed that all the responsibility of finding a cure is all up to the patient and not up to the therapists. One must want it to get it.
he first day of class was an introduction to Adlerian psychology where professor asked the students questions about their interests, why we chose our specific program, and our familiarity with Alfred Adler. An emphasis was placed on what was required from the syllabi, and expectations relative to students finishing the class. A video of Dr. Rudolph Dreikurs was also shown in class having giving a discussion some of Alfred Adler’s concepts. In the video conversation Dr. Dreikurs spoke about the following:
The second most important part of a tragedy is Character. Characters actually play a secondary role to the plot in the “perfect” tragedy. The actions of the characters make them responsible for their fate, not a higher power. There should be a protagonist and a tragic hero. Tragic heroes are also exceptional beings; Hamlet was very intellectual, giving him a brilliant mind and a quick wit. The tragic hero is the ma...
In the play Julius Caesar William Shakespeare only includes two female characters who play relatively minor parts. Shakespeare included these characters because they bring an element of foreshadowing to the tragic events that occur in the play.