Great Ideas Project: Origin of Sex Sex, though usually used in terms of reproduction, is actually quite separate: it refers to the splitting and recombining of genetic material through the meiosis (fission) and fertilization (fusion) of genomes in such a way that, when they are reproduced, the new generation of cells contains a different set of genes than that of its parents. Sex is by no means necessary for reproduction. Asexual reproduction, or parthenogenesis, is actually about twice as efficient for population growth; there is thus a “two-fold cost” of sex in reproduction. There are many benefits to sex, however, that outweigh its inefficiency. Among these benefits are the opportunities for the repair of damaged DNA, the rapid recombination of genes to more readily adapt to changing environments, and the elimination of the accumulation of deleterious mutations from a population. It is easy to find benefits to sex; finding a theory for the origin of sex is not nearly as simple. There are many contested theories for what made organisms evolve in a pattern which is less efficient for population growth, but no sure-fire answers.[1] The predominant theory for the origin of sex has always been the benefits of DNA repair. In an asexual haploid cell, if both sides of a DNA strand were damaged—for instance, if the thymine and adenine erred and became unrecognizable—since the cell would have only one copy of the information, there would be no chance for the cell to repair the damage and the cell would either die or be able to pass on only grossly mutated genes. However, an asexual diploid cell and a sexual cell each contain an extra set of chromosomes providing the template to repair that damaged DNA strand. Using DNA r... ... middle of paper ... ...rsity Press [2] Michod, Richard E. (1998). Origin of Sex for Error Repair. Theoretical Population Biology, 53, 60-74 [3] Mauro Santos, et. al. (2003) Origin of Sex Revisted. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, 32, 405-432 [4] Dacks, Joel and Roger, Andrew J. “The First Sexual Lineage and the Relevance of Facultative Sex.” Journal of Molecular Evolution (1999), Issue 48 pg 779-783. [5] Leboeuf, Adrian. “UCSB Researchers Study Advantages of Sexual Reproduction” Daily Nexus, volume 82, issue #28 [6] Crow JF. “Advantages of Sexual Reproduction” PMID: 8062455 [7] Rothschild, Lynn J. “The Influence of UV Radiation on Protistan Evolution.” Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology (1999), Issue 46 no. 5 pg. 548-555. [8] Sterrer, Wolfgang. “On the Origin of Sex as Vaccination.” Journal of Theoretical Biology (2002), Issue 216 pg. 387-396.
The caste system in India has been dated back to approximately 1000 BC and still affects the lives of millions of people not only in India but also through South Asia. The determination of this system of social layer for 3000 years of changing economic and social environments is a confusing idea. The Hindu conception of social order is that people are different, and different people will fit into different aspects of society. Social order or class according to the Varna is that the framework of moral duties according to personal characteristics of individuals and not necessarily birth (Pruthi, 2004). Varna is the term used for the four groups into which the traditional Hindu society is divided. This essay will outline the main social and economical features of the caste system in India and how it fits within the ontological framework of Hinduism (Philosophy 312).
Sexuality is often looked down upon by mainstream society. Embedded into culture and tradition, sex itself has been made to be seen as a taboo of sorts. Prostitution was made illegal; pornography was made evil. Rooted deep within the teachings of the most common religious morality systems, sex and sexuality is often paired with punishments. Those who explore their sexuality is often shamed, and labeled with words that can ostracize such persons from society. Kant’s view of sexuality almost destroys his credibility as a philosopher by providing unclear and unreasonable points of sexuality and objectification, yet he remains keen on trying to prove that sex, outside of marriage, is the worst possible sin. However, there are those who believe that expressing sexuality is power, and is exercising autonomy. Many existentialists see sexuality as a means of self-expression, and to not be comfortable with sexuality shows that the person inhabits the morality of the sheep.
In every civilization there exists a hierarchy that is accepted by the people that are a part of it. This hierarchy, which is present in all societies, is called a class system and usually includes an upper class, a middle class, and a lower class. The upper class consists of those who are the richest in a society, the middle class consists of the working people, and the lower class consists of the poorest people. There is one class system that consists of five tiers, including one that is below its lower class, and differs from any other system; the caste system of India. In a caste system, the class that is received is hereditary and cannot be changed like in other societies. The civilization of India has an extensive history with this longstanding and controversial caste system that has evolved over time and is still in place today.
The Caste system is a basic social structure, the top of the list is the Brahmans, Brahmans are made up of priests and scholars of Vedic literature, and is the most appreciated cast. Next on the list is Kshatriyas, the Kshatriyas are the warrior and served for ruler and royal families and they rank right below Brahmans. Next there are the Vaishyas, The main jobs that Vaishyas were: Being Traders, Cattle Farmers, Minor officials, and Merchants, and owned businesses, and had farm land these are regular/average people in the caste system. After that we have the Sudras, the main jobs the Sudras do are: Being workers, Servant, and Self Farmers these are the bottom of the caste system. And Last you have the
Throughout the history of the world there have been many ways that a civilization has justified their social class. A social class as defined by the dictionary states that a social class is a division of a society based on social and economic status. Religion is one of the many factors that lies on the heart of a civilization when justifying a social class. One of the world’s elite and well followed religion is Hinduism. Hinduism is one of the oldest religion in the world. The oldest religions has one of the oldest social classes which is called the caste system. The caste system has affected the lives of millions of people around the world from the ancient times to the modern and changing world in India and other Hindu nations today. A Caste system is a social structure that is determined by
Evolution,46:1:226-334. Wolpoff, Milford H. 1976 Some Aspects of the Evolution of Early Hominid Sexual Dimorphism. Current Anthropology 18:4:579-606.
The caste system is a type of social inequality that exists mainly in the Indian Sub-continent, which was said to have been introduced by the Aryans, who categorised the different kinds of people as Brahmins (Nobles), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaishyas (Merchants), sudras (servants) and the untouchables who were not allowed to mingle with the other higher sections of the society or to do the work other than those which were ...
Fausto-Sterling, A. (1993, April) The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough Retrieved from http://moodle.csun.edu
In 1870, Rockefeller, along with Samuel Andrews and Henry M. Flager incorporated the Standard Oil Company (The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica). Rockefeller’s Standard Oil began prospering and soon began buying out competitors. In 1872, the company had almost complete control over all the refineries in Cleveland. With such power, the company could negotiate...
Wickelgren, Ingrid. "Discovery of 'Gay Gene' Questioned." Science New Series.Vol. 284, No. 5414 (1999): 571. JSTOR. Web. 01 Mar. 2014. .
The evolution of sex is important to understanding mating choices and mating strategies because it explains not only what individuals look for in a specific partner but also why. Possibly because they think they are healthy in terms of the pathogen resistance theory or why a certain species has so many offspring like turtles for example. Turtles produce large amounts of offspring maybe because they know there is competition to survive and producing a greater amount of offspring heightens the chance
Martin, Emily. "The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male-Female Roles." Gender, Sex, and Sexuality. New York: Oxford University, 2009. 248-53. Print.
Panic Attacks are often seen between the ages of 20 and 33 but according to the journal “Panic and Panic disorders in Adolescents”, there is increasing evidence that panic disorders can begin as early as five years of age, and a substantial number of cases occur in the teens”. Panic attacks can range between any age, and according to the journal even a young child can have a panic disorder. Although any person...
Nicholas B. Dirks. (2011). Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India. Princeton University Press
The books of poetry are formed around general principles of how to live life in a way pleasing to God. This is true wisdom, insight that extends beyond factual knowledge. Although those who follow God do not necessarily escape pain and suffering on earth, as seen in Job, in some ways retribution theology is correct. It may not be the case presently, but ultimately the wicked will be punished and the wise will be blessed for trusting in their God.