GLOSSOTOMY IN MACEDONIA
"The split of a language into two is something which the greatest fantasts in the world have not dared do. Our scholars, however, did it for political, rather than linguistic considerations." Leonida Lari, Romanian writer from Moldova, (Literatura si arta a 18.8.1988)
There are quite a few European languages spoken outside their "own" country: for instance German in Germany, but also in Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, Denmark, Belgium, Poland, Russia; Spanish in Spain, but also in Argentina, Chile, Bolivia etc. But nowhere a necessity has come to being, neither an attempt has been made to father a new (official) language (Austrian, Liechtensteinian, Argentinian, Chilien etc.) despite apparent differences emerging in the usage of the languages.
Many minority languages have never had their own state, others have had - though for a short time. Nevertheless, they have kept their integrity in the course of centuries, and have patiently waited for their recognition. This holds good of Ladinian, Basque, Sardian, Catalan and others. Quite to the contrary, there has never been a necessity for the creation of a new literary language to serve the Bulgarian-speaking Slavs residing outside Bulgaria (for example, in Vardar or Aegean Macedonia, Albania, Serbia, Rumania, Ukraine). Similarly, there had never been a Macedonian linguistic community dreaming for centuries on end to be recognized for its linguistic uniqueness.
As late as the XX c. the method of linguistic partition (glossotomy) would be repeatedly applied, motivated politically, rather than linguistically. In the West (as was in the case of Slovenian Nindian) those attempts crashed and burned. In the East however, forcefully conceived languages under communism (Rumanian/Moldovan; Finnish/Karelian; Tatar/Bashkir; Turkish/Gagaouz) did survive to live a longer 'life' thanks to political coercion. Those who refused to accept language partition would be proclaimed nationalists and treated in the respective way. In politics, language partition was counted upon as a way to reinforce the new political borders, thus eliminating the feeling of one-time belonging to a certain community. The strategies behind the fathering of such new languages in the communist regions would follow one and the same principles.
One scholar (or a handful united in a group) would publish an orthography, grammar, dictionary, bilingual dictionaries (but, note, never from the old to the new language, that is, never Rumanian- Moldovan, but Moldovan-Russian for example, or others). Shortly, they would publish a historical grammar, a history of the language, as well as a history of the new nation.
Good vs. Evil is portrayed in The Hobbit through many different events and characters throughout the novel. Showing us that what we may think, may not always be want it really is. Bilbo had no doubt in his mind they would fail on their mission. Yet with all odds against them they won, good defeated evil, just like in the Bible God watches out for his children and protects them from evil, but they have to make the right choices, and work for his respect and honor.
Dahl starts his book off by playing devils advocate and proposing a series of questions of which he deems fundamental. He spends the first chapter provoking his readers to think about why the Constitution is the way it is, and if the Constitution is as great as the American people believe it to be, then how come other countries haven't follow suite and adopted it? He then outlines the areas of which each of the succeeding chapters will touch on with more thought provoking questions. Lastly Dahl makes a point to point out that through out his book he'll be referring to the people that had a hand in the constitution as the Framers rather than the Founding Fathers due to the fact that only a portion of them were apart of the signing of the Declaration of Independence.
Mujica, Mauro E. “Why the U.S Needs an Official Language.” Worldandi.com. 2003. Web. 31 July 2011. .
The Hobbit, written by John R. R. Tolkien, is a fantasy novel published on September 21, 1937. It was written as a prelude to the famous series, The Lord of the Rings, written seventeen years later. The Hobbit introduces the reader to an incredibly immersive fantasy world, that enriches the reader into its epic storyline. The story takes place in a land called Middle-earth, a land filled with enchanting surprises and magical wonders. It was the perfect playground for Tolkien to develop his main character Bilbo Baggins. Bilbo Baggins was a small hobbit, who unaware in the beginning would become a large role in the plot. It is through this character that Tolkien implemented the theme of heroism into the story. Bilbo’s unexpected adventure with the dwarves and the wizard gave him the opportunity to develop into the ultimate hero of Tolkien’s tale. Bilbo’s epic journey to become the hero of the story begins when Gandalf, the wizard, tells Bilbo of an expedition that would soon change his life forever.
Language is an important part of who we are. It influences the way we think and behave on a great scale. However, sometimes it is forced upon us to go in different directions just so we can physically and mentally feel as if we belong to the society in which we live in. Just as we see in Amy Tan’s “Mother Tongue” and Richard Rodriguez’s “A Memoir of a Bilingual Childhood”, both authors faced some challenges along the way by coping with two different languages, while still trying to achieve the social position which they desired.
Large-scale shifts often occur because of social, economic and political pressures or reasons. Even without having these kinds of influences, a language can change effectively if required number of users changes the way they speak it. Also needs of speakers drive language change. New technologies, industries, products and experiences requires new words sometimes. History records proves of language change accelerated by invasions, colonization and migration. Even without these kinds of influences, a language can change dramatically if enough users alter the way they speak it. Even we can compare the English of olden days through Shakespeare’s readings. Today many of us who knows English can’t understand Shakespeare’s writings efficiently which proves the language change from time to
In history most lingua franca were created by empires. It was the way for them to communicate with the cou...
What is the main processes of standardization? There is four main processes for standardization , First Codification developing and standardizing a standard for a language. All this take place through dictionaries , printing and education , this need the lowering of internal variability in the chosen variety and put norms of grammatical usage and vocabulary .The selected variety was codified in grammar books and dictionaries. Second Selection of on variety and one language , the selection of the language spoken by the kings and powerful people .The modification of the dialect of the South-East Midlands as the National Language of all England was a political requirement for the national aim .Third Elaboration that to be sure that the new
As Sirbu (2015) explained, people who speak a common language and communicate with each other help develop their language. Hence, common language plays a vital role in a community/society. Linguists estimate that around 400 languages or one in every three months has become extinct over the past century. They also calculate that nearly 50% up to 90% of the remaining 6,500 languages will be gone by the end of this century.
Worldwide there are over fifty standard written languages and over three thousand different languages in sum. In the European Union there are no less than eleven different official languages, and more will be added when other countries join the EU. No ordinary inhabitant of the Union, though, will ever bother about speaking all of these (more or less) fluently. S...
The process of codification has some important influences; the kings English to provide for administrative and legal language. Literary English was incorporated to be used by great literature and for printing and publishing. Oxford English was incorporated too to be used for education and religious purposes. (ThoughtCo,
A language of any culture, whether big or small, is its soul. (Wenying Jiang, ND) “Language simultaneously reflects culture, and is influenced and shaped by it. In the broadest sense, it is also the symbolic representation of a people, since it comprises their historical and cultural backgrounds, as well as their approach to life and their ways of living and thinking. Brown (1994: 165) describes the two as follows: ‘A language is a part of culture and a culture is a part of a language; the two are intricately interwoven so that one cannot separate the two without losing the significance of either language or culture.’ In one word, culture
After selecting the English language to be standard, codification -Early Modern English (1500-1800)is the second step in standardization of language, it deal with grammar and vocabulary, grammatical rules and lexicon in grammar and dictionaries. That often happen when the language written for the first time, or when it developing as standard, or after a time of great and huge changing as after the demise of colonialism , which made language planning necessary .Wikipedia
According to Dr. John McWhorter (2015): "A language is not just a collection of words and rules; it is part of a culture, learned early, used with kids, the vehicle of the most intimate and warm feelings". The language has the right to be called as 'holder of cultures ': a national culture can not exist without a common language. In connection with any kind of a territory, which the process of the globalization has an influence, the question of unequal power shows
Language shift is a growing problem in South Asia where a number of indigenous languages are spoken. One factor which is common in one way or the other among all these languages is the erosion occurring in all these languages. Therefore, the issue of language shift (LS) and language maintenance (LM) attained a great importance in the early part of 1960s owing to the loss of many precious languages of the world. According to Ethnologue report (Lewis, 2009) around seven thousand languages exist in the world. However, 473 languages are at the verge of their death (Ibid). Some other figures display much bleaker picture of the situations of languages around the globe. It is also estimated that within each fifteen-day period, one precious language disappears from the scene of the world forever leaving no history behind. Given this situation, it is also guessed that approximately 5000 languages will have no existence on the