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positive and negative aspects of globalization to health
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The Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, commonly known as HIV/AIDS is a disease, with which the human immune system, unlike in other disease, cannot cope. AIDS, which is caused by the HIV virus, causes severe disorder of the immune system and slowly progresses through stages which disable the body’s capability to protect and instead makes it vulnerable for other infections. The first blood sample to contain HIV was drawn in 1959 in Zaire, Africa while molecular genetics have suggested that the epidemic first began in the 1930s (Smallman & Brown, 2011). Currently, according to the Joint UN Program on HIV/AIDS, 35.3 million people worldwide are living with HIV. In 2012, an estimated 2.3 million people became newly infected with the virus and 1.6 million people lost their lives to AIDS (Fact Sheet, UNAIDS). It is due to the globalized international society that a disease which existed in one part of the world has managed to infect so many around the world. Globalization is narrowly defined by Joseph Stiglitz as "the removal of barriers to free trade and the closer integration of national economies" (Stiglitz, 2003). Globalization has its effects in different aspects such as economy, politics, culture, across different parts of the world. Like other aspects, globalization affects the health sector as well. In a society, one finds different things that connect us globally. As Barnett and Whiteside point out (2000), “health and wellbeing are international concerns and global goods, and inherent in the epidemic are lessons to be learned regarding collective responsibility for universal human health” (Barnett & Whiteside, 2000). Therefore, through all these global connections in the international society, t...
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...lthier nations provide enough incentive for them to continue ARV production regardless of what happens in poorer countries. Perhaps due to pressure from the United Nations the United States eventually dropped their complaint. (AVERT).
From the above situations and examples, the globalized international society has helped reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS. However, it is because globalized, international organizations have been able to come forward to solve this issue. At the same time, it is important to remember that many international organizations or states act in self interest due to which many developing states like Brazil initially faced problems in solving the issue of HIV/AIDS. Therefore, health issues such as that of HIV/AIDS are not only shaped by the science of biology, but also through policies, decisions and events in this globalized international society.
Although the sub-Saharan region accounts for just 10% of the world’s population, 67% (22.5 million) of the 33.4 million people living with HIV/AIDS in 1998 were residents of one of the 34 countries of sub-Saharan Africa, and of all AIDS deaths since the epidemic started, 83% have occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (Gilks, 1999, p. 180). Among children under age 15 living with HIV/AIDS, 90% live in sub-Saharan Africa as do 95% of all AIDS orphans. In several of the 34 sub-Saharan nations, 1 out of every 4 adults is HIV-positive (UNAIDS, 1998, p. 1). Taxing low-income countries with health care systems inadequate to handle the burden of non-AIDS related illnesses, AIDS has devastated many of the sub-Saharan African economies. The impact of AIDS on the region is such that it is now affecting demographics - changing mortality and fertility rates, reducing lifespan, and ultimately affecting population growth.
Public health involves a number of factors; it is a science that aims to improve and educate the public in many aspects regarding health. A public health issue that can affect anyone anywhere is the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Public Health and HIV is a topic widely researched. Since there is no cure for such a disease, it is important to research and study this virus in hopes of bettering the outcomes for those inflicted with it. Ultimately, HIV can be prevented which is why it is necessary to raise awareness¬ to the public about the disease. After approximately thirty years since the first documentation of AIDS, there are still some misconceptions about HIV such as its potential dangers as well as the unequal
The control and eradication of HIV/AIDS should be of the upmost importance for the whole of the global community. Though many modern countries have effectively treated and controlled the disease in the last few decades in their own societies, it is vital for third-world countries and poorer nations to control the disease in order to advance as a population. Currently, the methods in place to control HIV/AIDS do not work in poor countries due to stigmas attached to the disease and to a general lack in understanding of it. In “The Wisdom of Whores,” Elizabeth Pasini presents a new method of studying the disease from a scientific perspective that is both viable and promising as a solution to AIDS/HIV problem. Her proposal is very strong and well documented. She uses her own experience working in UNAIDS, the CDC, and the WHO to help support her claims from a first hand account and cities a lot of her own, as well as other, scientific research to explain why the focus should be on the tracking patterns and spread of HIV/AIDS, instead of simply on the control of it. Her general argument is very persuasive and provides information from a viewpoint not normally assessed. Proponents of NGOs and religious groups who go in to help prevent the spread of the disease would be the only real dissent against her argument. They would argue against her suggestion that NGOs and religious groups have hurt HIV/AIDS prevention in the past or are currently affecting the control of the disease in a negative way.
The AIDS virus was a major turning point in world history. Contrary to popular belief, if a person gives blood to or recieves blood from a hospital or blood bank that person will not risk transmitting HIV, a.k.a. human immunodeficiency virus and that person does not risk transmitting AIDS, a.k.a. acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In addition, “It is now generally accepted that HIV is a descendent of a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus because certain strains of SIVs bear a very close resemblance to HIV-1 and HIV-2, the two types of HIV” (AIDS Doctors).
Chelala, Cesar. “HIV/AIDS: Managing a Pandemic.” Americas Vol. 61, No.2. Mar/Apr 2015: 20-26. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 25 Mar. 2015. In this article, Latin America and Caribbean adults have infection rates lower than rates in Africa, but the number of HIV-positive people in this hemisphere is still quite high. It is estimated that in Latin America and the Caribbean, there are two million HIV-infected people. This is more than the number of cases in other countries combined. In 2014, according to United Nations figures, there were 20,000 new infections in the Caribbean and 140,000 in Latin America. Discrimination against HIV-infected people and the humiliation
HIV is a virus that can be sexually transmitted, obtained through hypodermic needles or contaminated blood transfusions, or passed on from mother to child through pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding. It starts off with flu-like symptoms, then it interferes with the immune system, making people prone to illnesses. Their immune system becomes very vulnerable. Sadly, there is no cure for HIV. Research shows that HIV originated in Africa; however, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was not recognized until 1981. HIV is a source of heavy castigation and it causes economic problems as well, especially count...
By the year 2000, 58 million people have been infected by HIV/AIDS and alarming numbers such as 22 million would have already died. And the epidemic continues to spread. HIV/AIDS historically is considered to be one of the longest running worldwide epidemics that we have ever seen, and figures cannot be placed on the true death tolls or estimation of the damage as the cycle still is yet to reach an end (Whiteside 2002). With Africa being the worst hit continent in the world in terms of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the severity of it’s prevalence; one can only begin to question whether HIV/AIDS and poverty and directly connected or the inter-linkages exacerbate one or the other. This paper aims to argue that HIV/AIDS is a manifestation of poverty, and simultaneously poverty contributes to growing HIV/AIDS epidemic. Development in response both to poverty reduction and to HIV/AIDS is complicated when both have multi-dimensional and multi-faceted impacts on a society, whether it be social, economic or human development impacts. This paper will argue that pre-existing socio economic conditions within a country such as high levels of poverty, poor sanitation, malnutrition, environmental degradation and poor public healthcare systems and limited access to preventative care are crucial factors in contributing to the transfer of the infection (Pasteur: 2000, Mann: 1999).
As a result, the virus has greatly affected people in countries across the world, especially Africa. In Africa there are thousands of medical facilities in South Africa and they all have a high occupancy rating. In South Africa today, 80% of patients hospitalized in facilities have HIV (“Impact of HIV and AIDS...”). People working in these facilities such as doctors and nurses put themselves at risk because they are at risk for getting HIV related illnesses. In Africa there is a high demand for treatment of the disease and the hospitals have very low resources and training to treat HIV patients. When HIV first started there were very little resources to use for the patients that needed help.
Southern Africa has an extremely high prevalence of people living with HIV and this had led many international organizations to work on mitigating the epidemic. The governments of countries in Southern Africa are not able to combat the HIV epidemic alone because they do not have the resources. One reason for this is corruption within the health care system. Many times funding is used to help wealthier citizens, while the average citizen is left with minimal resources and limited access to care. Another political issues that has been detrimental to the HIV epidemic is when governmental procedure is slow and inhibits positive change being enacted through drawn out legal
Whiteside, A. (2006). HIV / AIDS and Development: Failures of Vision and Imagination. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), Vol. 82, No. 2,, 327-343.
HIV/AIDS is one of the deadliest diseases in the world today. HIV is a virus that weakens the immune system, making us prone to many infections. It can be transmitted in various ways; for example, by coming in contact with bodily fluids by unprotected sex, reusing needles when doing drugs or getting tattooed, being born to an HIV infected mother, etc. Millions of people are getting infected by HIV around the world. According to World Health Organization, “[. . .] In 2014, 1.2 [1.0–1.5] million people died from HIV-related causes globally [and] there were approximately 36.9 [34.3–41.4] million people living with HIV at the end of 2014 with 2.0 [1.9–2.2] million people becoming newly infected with HIV in 2014 globally.” These numbers show how
In 1981, a new fatal, infectious disease was diagnosed--AIDS (Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome). It began in major cities, such as New York, Los Angeles, Miami, and San Francisco. People, mostly homosexual men and intravenous drug users, were dying from very rare lung infections or from a cancer known as Kaposi’s sarcoma. They have not seen people getting these diseases in numerous years. Soon, it also affected hemophiliacs, blood recipients, prostitutes and their customers, and babies born from AIDS-infected women. AIDS was soon recognized as a worldwide health emergency, and as a fatal disease with no known cure, that quickly became an epidemic. When high-profile victims began to contract the virus, such as basketball star Magic Johnson, the feeling spread quickly that anyone, not just particular groups of people, could be at risk. AIDS impairs the human body’s immune system and leaves the victim susceptible to various infections. With new research, scientists think that the disease was first contracted through a certain type of green monkey in Africa, then somehow mutated into a virus that a human could get. AIDS is a complicated illness that may involve several phases. It is caused by a virus that can be passed from person to person. This virus is called HIV, or Human Immuno-deficiency Virus. In order for HIV to become full-blown AIDS, your T-cell count (number of a special type of white-blood cells that fight off diseases) has to drop below 200, or you have to get one of the symptoms of an AIDS-induced infection.
AIDS is a disease that is transmitted easily through unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing of needles, blood transfusion, and childbirth. Without proper knowledge and equipment, it is very difficult to prevent the spread of AIDS. Ever since the illness was discovered thirty years ago, it has taken the lives of thirty million people and affected the lives of many, many more. The AIDS pandemic has been and still is most severe in third-world countries in sub-Saharan Africa. It has impacted the economies of entire nations by crippling and killing individuals in the most productive years of their lives (“HIV/AIDS”). AIDS greatly influences the government sector, agricultural sector, private corporations, and individual households. Among those impacts, the impact on households is the most significant and severe. This paper will discuss the various ways AIDS affects families and the most effective ways of solving this issue.
The most dramatic development was the discovery of HIV/AIDS in the United States, Western Europe, and other rich countries. Human error combined with advancement in medicine has allowed dangerous diseases to reach the general population through blood transfusion, the sharing of intravenous drugs, and sexual practice. These, together with global migration, have allowed diseases to travel from rich to underdeveloped countries. Unlike rich nations, which have the ability to isolate and fix the problem, underdeveloped countries lack the necessary technology to do so, causing the infectious disease to become an epidemic and killing millions in the
HIV does not only affect the well-being of individuals, it has large impacts on households, communities and even nations as a whole. Peer discussions and personal research has also made me realize that some of the countries suffering from this HIV epidemic also rather unfortunately suffer from other infectious diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis, relative poverty and economic stagnation. Despite these setbacks, new inte...