Muhammad Irham
Preliminary Exam
Wilfried Haeberli
He is a geomorphologist professor at Zurich University. His research focus on geomorphodynamics of high-mountain areas and especially concern climate and environment -related glacier and permafrost study, paleoglaciological modelling, and natural hazards. His contributions on rock glacier research at various places has enriched fundamental understanding on the movement of rock glacier that is caused by external and internal dynamic at numerous spatial and temporal scale.
Dale F. (Dusty) Ritter
He is the author of the book “Process Geomorphology” which become a must text book in geomorphic science. Most of his work related to paleoenvironmental and paleocimate reconstruction.
Albert Lincoln Washburn
His contribution on the book of “Periglacier Processes and Environments”, a standard text book on periglacier geomorphology, become wide acceptance among students and researchers who are interested in the area of high altitude and latitude environment, ecology, and environmental geomorphology. Most his research are based on field work...
Marshak, S. (2009) Essentials of Geology, 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, ch. 11, p. 298-320.
Hess, D., McKnight, T. L., & Tasa, D. (2011). McKnight's physical geography (Custom ed. for California State University, Northridge ; 2nd Calif. ed.). New York: Learning Solutions.
Plummer, C.C., McGeary, D., and Carlson, D.H., 2003, Physical geology (10th Ed.): McGraw-Hill, Boston, 580 p.
Brady Glacier is known for its beauty in the Fairweather Range of Alaska. Many people every year during the summer months visit the glaciers surrounding the gulf coast of Alaska to see their statuesque landforms. Brady Glacier is that of a serene landscape, but one of many glaciers that are retreating and becoming victim to ice calving. Geographers have been studying the interesting glaciations of Brady for centuries now. Three geographers, especially, are taking notice to the change in advance and retreat of the glacier. The location of Brady Glacier is significant to tourism because it is around other glaciers in Alaska and once one glacier starts to retreat, soon others will follow. Brady Glacier in the region of the North pacific Coast of Alaska is becoming a figure to ice calving and possible flooding in the surrounding land leading to the risk in tourism.
Glaciers flow through three different mechanisms: (1) by internal deformation; (2) by basal sliding; and (3) by subglacial deformation.
He’s a Professor of Geography at University of California, Los Angeles. He earned his B.A from Harvard College and got his Ph.D. in Physiology and Biophysics from University of Cambridge. Being an expert at human physiology and having produced books that provide insight on evolution and societal development, he’s indeed well qualified to write
One of the most striking features in Glacier National Park is the color banding. This feature can be seen in nearly every mountain within the park as they are composed of different layers of rocks and colors. The rock strata are mainly composed of sedimentary rocks limestones, shales, sandstones, and lightly metamorphosed rocks (Dyson,1957). These rocks all belong to a single large unit known as the Belt series. The rocks are very unusual in that they were deposited in late in the Precambrian between 1600 and 800 million years ago and are relatively undeformed and only lightly metamorphosed (Alt, 1983). The rocks can be spotted throughout the large area of western Montana, northern Idaho, and southern British Columbia. The formation of the Belt Supergroup started during the Proterozoic era as a long narrow section of North America extending from the Arctic Ocean southward which slowly sank to form a large sea-filled trough also known as a geosyncline (Dyson, 1957). Streams from nearby lands carried muds and sands into the sea almost completely filling it. These muds were eventually compressed into shales, some limestones, and sands into sandstones. Many of the rocks in this series have very distinct features that give a clue about their origin, features suc...
America has changed through the years in many ways. Medicine has improved, average standard of living has risen, and the overall quality of life has changed drastically over the course of time. Yet, these are all short-term ideals when taken into the whole picture. Although all of this is important, to truly understand the actual face of America, we have to think farther back than a few hundred years. The face of America can best be portrayed in thinking about how America looks the way it does. Questions like “How did the Rocky mountains form?” or “Why are the Great Plains located where they are?” These types of questions are important because once you figure out why certain areas have the qualities that they do, it becomes simpler to pinpoint why Americans live and react the way they do. For example, not just Americans but humans in general desire a marine climate area, typically close to a water source, and moderate temperatures that do not vastly fluctuate. This is why so many people are located on the coast near California or Florida. What becomes interesting is that if the tectonic plates hadn’t shifted the way it did, and perhaps broken apart differently from Pangaea, then America wouldn’t look the same as it does now. America would have more or less land for people to cultivate and live on possibly changing the areas of higher population or common wealth depending on if the new land was useful in anyway. All this ties into why America looks the way it does or the “face” of America.
Since the end of the last century, nearly global glaciers recession have been noticed (Barry, 2006). For example in Himalaya, several studies indicate receding glaciers in recent years and also these alpine glaciers are melting away remarkably quickly at the moment (Kodata et al, 2000; Fujita et al, 2001; Ren et al, 2006). Several researches show that during the past 25 years, these glaciers experienced a dramatic decline. These analyses reveals 22% glacier area loss in entire Alps, between 1985 and 1999, which is about seven times faster than for the 1985-1973 periods (Petri and Gareth, 2010). However, these result does not imply a synchronous behavior of all glacier around the world, because there can be local differences between glaciers and even in some glaciers advances. So, if the glaciers disappear, people distant from these mountains, in the lowlands and big cities of Asia and South American will suffer from ...
Froede, Carl R. “Stone Mountain Georgia: A Creation Geologist's Perspective.” CRS Quartely 31, no. 4 (March 1995): 6.
7. Refer to Figure 22-6. What name is given to the core of the modern-day North American continent that formed in the Proterozoic?
Due to the low thermal regimes chemical weathering is hampered, while physical, cryopedogenic processeses dominate soil genesis. Cryopedogenic processes that leeds to gelic materials after USDA (2009) primarily based on the physical volume change of water to ice of 9 % and back. Moreover on thermal contractions of frozen materials by continued cooling and moisture migration in a frozen system along a thermal gradient (Bockheim et al., 1997). Beside cryopedogenic processes tree major soil forming processes are reported for the samping site by Sokolov et al. (2002). (1) Braunification leeds to primitive soils with weak, shallow, cambic horizons describe in Sokolov et al. (2002) described as Typical Pale soils (from Russian Palevye). In Soil Taxonomy they have an Haplic epipedon, not to be mistaken with Pale prefix in the nomenclature. They have a relatively homogeneous profile with almost no vertical difference in texture, as result of development from colluvial or solifluction deposits. Usually Pale soils are covered by a raw-humus layer. (2) Podsolization, an descendant relocation of low molecular organomineral compounds (Chelate; Al-Fe-humus complexes) in acidic soils due to hampered microbial turnover (Scheffer und Schachtschabel, 2002). ...
Psychology is the study of the mind and the behavior of mammals. Geology is a science that deals with the history of the earth and its life, recorded in rocks. The earth is consistently moving its tectonic plates. Therefore, there may be over 100 earthquakes a day; most of these earthquakes go unnoticed by humans on the crust of the earth. Other earthquakes for example, the one in 2011 located in Japan and the Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989 (Earth- Marshak). Unfortunately, many people died in horrific ways during these deadly earthquakes, leaving thousands diagnosed with psychological disorders such as, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Specific Phobias directly related to the natural environment of the earth.
Hirsch, E. 1995. “Introduction, Landscape: between place and space” in Hirsch, E. (ed.) The Anthropology of Landscape: Perspectives on Place and Space. Oxford : New York: Clarendon Press.
There are many different glacial landforms created by glacial erosion, one of these landforms is U-shaped valleys or glacial troughs. This glacial landform has many distinct characteristics. One of these characteristics is that it has very steep valley sides caused by the glacier as it moves down the valley eroding the sides of the valley by the processes of abrasion and plucking. Abrasion is when the boulders and moraine carried by the glacier rubs and erodes the valley side as it physically moves down the valley. Plucking happens when the water in the glacier freezes inside of the cracks in the individual rocks on the valley side then the water freezes and as the glacier moves the rock is plucked or torn from the valley side producing the steep side to the valley.