Geology - Earth Sciences
1. What is the commonly accepted age of Earth?
a) 4.6 Billion years
2. Which of the following was not a source of heat for the early Earth?
a) hydrothermal energy
3. What are small asteroids called?
a) meteoroids
4. What is the process by which a planet becomes internally zoned when heavy materials toward its center and lighter materials accumulate near its surface?
a) Diffentiation
5. Where is most of the North American Precambrian shield exposed at the surface?
a) Canada
6. What mineral can be used to radio metrically date Earth’s age?
a) zircon
7. Refer to Figure 22-6. What name is given to the core of the modern-day North American continent that formed in the Proterozoic?
a)Laurentia
8. What is the name of the first super continent which formed near the end of the Proterozoic?
a) Laurentia
9) What volcanic process most likely formed Earth’s atmosphere?
a) differentiation
10) Why is ozone a necessary component of Earth’s atmosphere?
a) It fillers out most of the sun’s UV radiation
11)Why is Earth’s atmosphere rich in nitrogen (N) and carbon dioxide (CO2) today?
a) because they can not escape Earth’s gravity
12) Rearrange the following phrases to create a cycle ...
A significant portion of New England was formed as a result of an accretionary orogen. Southeastern New England is marked by a series of terranes that accreted onto the Laurentian supercontinent during the Silurian and Devonian. The Terranes of Gander, Nashoba, Avalon, and Meguma are present from west to east in eastern Massachusetts and all of are Gondwanan provenance. Their modern-day juxtaposition suggests that the marginal Gondwanan micro-continents collided sequentially from west to east, expanding the Laurentian continent with each respective collision. As each subsequent plate collided, an intervening subduction zone died and a new subduction zone was created to the east. The oblique collision of the Avalon Terrane into Laurentia followed the accretions of the Gander and Nashoba Terranes and preceded the accretion of Meguma. The collision was marked by uplift, mylonitic metamorphism, and calc-alkaline Nashoba plutonism as the Iapetus Ocean subducted under the Nashoba and eventually the Avalon collided obliquely into the continental margin.
17. The diagram to the right illustrates what type of geologic event? Explain. (S6E5e, f)
Basically these are the general features of the Earth and I am going to give you
The rest of this article spends time speculating through the advances in technology and the reanalyzation of old evidence to determine various cataclysmic events that happened millions of years ago. There are many sections in this article that discuss the methods used to determine the closet possible dates and the sequence in which they follow. There are also sections in this article which discuss methods used for the evidence of impact, eruption and how reading the environmental changes can help paleontologists determine conclusions and narrow the perspectives of paleontologists (scientists) and popular culture as a whole.
... used to be a sea (Beaumont,1978). As mountain-building forces continued for several million years it created a big fold or anticline as it squeezed the rocks. These same pressures continued and overturned the fold which eventually caused them to break along a great low-angle fault (Beaumont,1978). The western limb of the fold was driven upward and eastern placing older layers of rock on top of younger ones. The younger layers of rock include cretaceous shales and sandstones. The slice of crust has been moved more than 15 miles toward the east, the surface it moved through is called the Lewis Overthrust. (Dyson,1957). Years of erosion finally exposed the fault which was buried throughout its early years. Erosion then separated several remnants, Chief Mountain is the best known which consists of Altyn limestone, exposed on its base is the Lewis Overthrust fault.
Hussey, Russell C. Historical Geology: The Geologic History of North America. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1947. 379. Print
Tectonic Activity The continents of the world are all separated by different tectonic plates which when collide is called Tectonic Activity. There are different forms of tectonic activity and different processes and landforms, which are involved during and as a result of the collisions. As and when these collisions are going to take place we can't determine because current technology hasn't allowed us to dig as far into the earth to the point of pressures which causes the plates to collide. These pressures are believed to be eruptions of liquid magma deep inside the earth.
Herndon J. M, 2005, Current Science, Scientific Basis of Knowledge of Earth’s Composition, 88, 1034-1036)
Psychology is the study of the mind and the behavior of mammals. Geology is a science that deals with the history of the earth and its life, recorded in rocks. The earth is consistently moving its tectonic plates. Therefore, there may be over 100 earthquakes a day; most of these earthquakes go unnoticed by humans on the crust of the earth. Other earthquakes for example, the one in 2011 located in Japan and the Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989 (Earth- Marshak). Unfortunately, many people died in horrific ways during these deadly earthquakes, leaving thousands diagnosed with psychological disorders such as, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Specific Phobias directly related to the natural environment of the earth.
It seems that in the past few years, the Geotechnical Baseline Report (GBR) has perhaps turned into the key document for construction. The GBR not only assigns much of the risk involved with the work, it serves as the basis for bid prep and is used widely in resolving disputes during construction. The use of GBR’s for contractually defining anticipated ground conditions has become a widely accepted practice in the construction business. The importance and the significant nature of these reports have increased the inquiry they receive to unparalleled levels. The basic premise of a contractual GBR has been well developed and corresponded to the industry. Despite the acceptance of GBRs, there is always opportunity for improvement. Engineers and geologists struggle to develop specific numerical baselines from a many of geotechnical properties. This especially where the geologic environments are highly inconsistent. Contractors are frustrated because they feel they are not constantly provided with the baselines they need. Owners feel taken advantage of when baselines are used to validate their claims in a manner not intended or the baselines are not valued in the dispute resolution process. It seems that there are four areas or categories the GBR’s. These could result in for a better, more useful product. These are (1) Establishing baselines (2) Ground behavior/performance assessments (3) Construction considerations (4) Use of the GBR during construction for establishing the baselines there are two considerable challenges. These would be to determine the condition of the ground that are needed to be baselined and how to quantify them. The goal of a GBR is to convert what the geotechnical engineers found into an easy to read product for...
The Contracting Earth Hypothesis was once a dominant paradigm in geology (Wegener, 1929). The origins of this theory can be found in the works of European scientists such as Constant Prévost [d.1856], Henry de la Beche [d.1855] and Léonce Élie de Beaumont [d.1874] (Greene, 1982). James Dwight Dana [d. 1895], an American geologist, was a key contributor to the development of this theory. The Contraction Hypothesis did not completely fall out of favor until the Plate Tectonics appeared: Hans Stille [d.1966] and Leopold Kober [d.1970] were prominent advocates of this theory (Pamir, 1960). However, from early 20th century on, it competed with another global geological theory: the Continental Drift of Alfred Wegener, which can be considered a precursor of the Plate Tectonics. In this paper, we discuss the Contracting Earth Hypothesis with a literature review and compare it to the Continental Drift.
 Bartolini, Annachiara and Larson, Roger L; 2001 Pacific microplate and the Pangea supercontinent in the Early to Middle Jurassic; Geology, Aug2001, Vol. 29 Issue 8, p735-39
comes up in a crack in the Earth’s crust, it does not come to the surface, but
The field of geology has many different branches. Some of these areas have hardly anything in common. The one thing that they all include, though, is that each one concentrates on some part of the Earth, its makeup, or that of other planets. Mineralogy, the study of minerals above the Earth and in its crust, is different from Petrology, the st...