“The geological formation of natural diamonds” The diamonds were formed from billions of years ago. The formations of diamonds originate directly from the Earth mantle, thus making it one of the natural minerals that come from deep within Earth. Due to all the hardship and worked it put through its process of becoming one most demanding gemstone, the prices of one of it is quite demanding. From using these precious gemstones when it first discoveries as a tools for everyday uses into one of the most beautiful stones in the world (industries). Generally, the majority of diamonds started out (nucleate) heterogeneously (Bulanova 1995, 1). Sulphide, native iron, wustite, monocrystalline graphite are the minerals types that been recognize to be in the genetic core of the diamond which possibly operate as the starting point (catalysts) for the development of diamond nucleation (Bulanova 1995, 15). Other than that, diamonds also have their own crystal forms and aggregates. Most often founds is octahedral, habitually with many crystal faces. There are other types of diamonds crystal forms which are tetrahexahedron and hexoctahedron. These two types were, incorporated into a sequence of apocryphal forms, which classify rounded surfaces of diamond crystals (Kvasnytsya 2013, 1). Moreover, the process of producing diamonds takes times as several hundreds of years. Types of diamond can either be igneous or sedimentary wise. Diamonds is actually a carbon-bearing mineral, carbon in its most concerted structure (diamond).The geological formation of the natural diamond obliges to particular exposures where certain pressure condition that is appropriate is being subjected to the carbon-bearing material to crystallize as diamonds plus comparative... ... middle of paper ... ...ochimica Acta 24 (1-2): 83-105. http://dx.doi.org.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/10.1016/0016-7037(61)90009-6 Nowicki, Tom E., Rory O. Moore, John J. Gurney, and Mike C. Baumgartner. 2007. "Diamonds and Associate Heavy Minerals in Kimberlites: A revie of Key Concepts and Applications." Developments in Sedimentology 58: 1235–1267. http://dx.doi.org.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/10.1016/S0070-4571(07)58046-5. Porritt, Lucy A., R. A. Cas, F., L. Ailleres, and P. Oshust. 2011. "The Influence of Volcanological and Sedimentological Processes on Diamond Grade Distribution in Kimberlites: Examples from the EKATI Diamond Mine, NWT, Canada." Bulletin of Volcanology 73 (8): 1085-1105. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-011-0515-7. Victor, Kvasnytsya. 2013. "Crystal forms of natural microdiamonds." Diamond & Related Materials : 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2013.08.005
Lithologically the Kimmeridge Clay Formation can be subdivided into four units (Figure 2), despite of beds at the base of the succession are poorly exposed. However, in contrast, the units from mid-eudoxus Zone to the top of the formation that are well seen in the Formation. At the base of the formation until the eudoxus Zone, the strata are made up almost entirely of bioturbated shelly clays and in between beds, horizons of oil and bituminous are present. The upper part of the Eudoxus Zone until the upper Pectinatus Zone the composition is kerogen-rich mudstones and coccolith limestone.
When standing on top of the butte, the rock that makes up a majority of the area is quartzite. Quartzite is a metamorphic rock that forms when existing rock is exposed to extreme amounts of heat and pressure (4). The quartzite that is found on Kamiak Butte was formed sometime around 1.47 to 1.4 billion years ago during the Paleozoic period of the Precambrian era. Many of the metamorphic rocks have been fractured and decayed due to physical and chemical weathering, but because quartzite consists of one of the strongest minerals quartz...
"Geology Fieldnotes - Katmai National Park and Preserve." National Park Service: Nature & Science» Geology Resources Division. 01 Apr. 2005. Web. Feb. 2014.
The Quartzite at Kamiak Butte is a very hard rock. It measures about a 7 on Moh’s hardness scale.2 Kamiak Butte is present today because of how hard this rocks composition is. It does not erode very easily.2 Quartzite has a sugary texture and carries an orange/tan color on the butte.2 Quartzite is everywhere around Kamiak butte.
More recently than Zeck’s work, Cesare et al. (1997), only divided the xenoliths into two main types: garnet-biotite-sillimanite and spinel-cordierite xenoliths. The quartz-cordierite rocks, distinguished by Zeck (1970), were interpreted as the products of interaction between garnet-biotite-sillimanite xenoliths and blebs of mafic magma and are not recognised. The xenoliths were observed to contain widespread occurrences of rhyolitic glass as...
According to Berry Tew, “Many stone materials in the state, including sandstone, limestone, granite, quartzite, and marble, have been used for building construction or ornamental stone.” Alabama’s annual production for stone is about $3.63 million dollars ...
Some of the highest producing diamond mines are countries in Africa. Countries that had some of the highest rate of conflict were Angola, The Democratic Republic of Congo, Sierra Leone, and Liberia. The ...
It’s hard to imagine that a mineral could be fueling wars and funding corrupt governments. This mineral can be smuggled undetected across countries in a coat pocket, then be sold for vast amounts of money. This mineral is used in power tools, parts of x-ray machines, and microchips but mostly jewelry. Once considered the ultimate symbol of love, the diamond has a darker story. "Blood" diamonds or "conflict" diamonds are those mined, polished, or traded in areas of the world where the rule of law does not exist. They often originate in war-torn countries like Liberia, Sierra Leone, Angola, and Côte d'Ivoire were rebels use these gems to fund genocide or other questionable objectives. Even with a system known as the Kimberly process which tracks diamonds to prevent trade of these illicit gems, infractions continue as the process is seriously flawed. The continuation of the blood diamond trade is inhuman, and unethical, and in order to cease this illicit trade further action to redefine a conflict diamond, as well as reform to the diamond certification prosess is nessasary.
Minerals play an important role in our day-to-day life but we often not contemplate how the minerals are obtained. Minerals are scattered all over the world just like any other resources. Due to the natural processes of magma flow, hydrothermal gradients, sedimentation, and evaporation, Minerals are concentrated in various areas of the Earth’s crust. Obtaining these minerals for human use involves four general steps:
One very important piece of information is that gemstones and crystals are grown during the cooling, formative stages of Earth’s development and so it has lead me to the conclusion that they are gifts from nature. According to physics, gemstones and crystals consist of natural balances and solid sta...
Santarossa, B. (2004, January 13). Diamonds: Adding lustre to the Canadian economy. Retrieved November 06, 2017, from https://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-621-m/11-621-m2004008-eng.htm
Rubies are actually formed deep beneath our planet Earth’s first layer, the crust. This relative high heat under the conditions of about 620 to 670 degrees Celsius (1148 to 1238 degrees Fahrenheit.), is just about the heat needed to create these gemstones. The most necessary mineral used to form rubies is corundum, the essential element in rubies, and chromium, that gives them their red value and color.
Scientists can tell how old something is based on the amount of carbon 14 in a dead object. Carbon dating is accurate if the amount of carbon 14 in the atmosphere remains the same throughout time. The second is if carbon 14 has always decayed at the same speed, and the last is if all living things absorb the same amount of carbon as the atmosphere has in it ("Child Evangelism of Hawaii"). Diamonds are formed when carbon is under a large amount of pressure and heat. When diamonds come from the ground, they don't look shiny.
Mining is the process or industry of obtaining minerals from the earth. Topics in this paper I’ll be specifically discussing are pros and cons of mining, structures of a mine, mining in general, California gold rush, diamonds in Africa, and comparison of diamond and gold mines.
mineral equilibria of metamorphic carbonate ejecta (2). Fluid inclusions ([CO.sub.2] and [H.sub.2]O-[CO.sub.2]) in clinopyroxenes from cumulate and nodules indicate a trapping pressure of 1.0 to 2.5 kbar at about 1200 [degrees]C, suggesting that these minerals crystallized at depths of 4 to 10 km (3). The differentiated magma fraction was about 30% of the total magma in the reservoir, and a volume of about 2 to 3 [km.sup.3] was