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Bahasa indonesia buku Geography, A Spatial Interaction
Similarities between Australia and Indonesia
Similarities between Australia and Indonesia
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INDONESIA AND AUSTRALIA
Indonesia and Australia are nations located southeast of Asia, separated by the Timor Sea and the Java Trench. Both have undergone challenges in economy, government, and demography that are both similar and quite different from the other. Indonesia is “the world’s most expansive archipelagic (fragmented) state” (Blij 503) with multiple heritages and cultures. Australia has been slowly declining over the past century and continues to economically disintegrate. According to records kept on the economy, government, and demography, both Australia and Indonesia are continuing to be recognized as similar and distinct in their own right.
DEMOGRAPHY AND LAND STRUCTURE
The 275 million people of Indonesia are spread across the 13,000 islands it encompasses. It holds position as the fourth most populated nation in the world, containing a diversity of people including Javanese, Sudanese, Malays, and Balinese and other smaller groups which make up fifty-five percent of the population. Four of its largest islands are known as the Greater Sunda Islands. Jawa has the smallest area but is largest in population density (with about 120 million), Sumatera is in the west across from Malaysia, Kalimantan (which shares land space with Malaysia on Borneo), and Sulawesi, which is also called Celebes, the “wishbone – shaped” island of the east. The fifth largest island is New Guinea, which is not primarily a part of Indonesian cultural ties although half of its western side of the island is under Indonesian control.
Australia is approximately 10 times the size of Texas, with a population of eighteen million. 85 percent live in cities, with about 300,000 consisting in the Aboriginal population. Most of the population is concentrated in the core area to the east and southeast, facing the Pacific Ocean. This area is more humid and extends between the Great Dividing Range and the east coast. The eastern, less populous area consists of desert or steppe, which is not primary for living conditions but contains mineral deposits.
RESOURCES AND PRODUCTION
Indonesia has a wide variety of natural resources, consisting of petroleum, palm oil, rubber, lumber, tin, coffee, tea, and other cash crops. However, the population continues on an upward climb that will have a doubling time of 43 years. This creates a much longer-term threat to the country’s future than anything does else does. With this steep climb in population, the nation has already been forced to import large amounts of rice and wheat to feed its people.
After evaluating the above factors, it is clear that the partnership between Australia and Japan is of significant importance to both countries. With reference to the Centre for Study of Australian-Asian Relations (1997:152) the future prosperity of Australia will to an increasing extent, be dependent on that of her neighbours in the Asia-Pacific area. Currently the Australia-Japan relationship could be described as “comfortable and relaxed”. However both Australia and Japan need to be alert to the changing environment and must ensure that the right frameworks and policy settings are in place in order for the two countries to prosper.
“The East Indies, or Indonesia, are a chain of islands numbering in the thousands and extending 3,000 miles along the Equator from their western extremity at the northern tip of Sumatra to their eastern limit in New Guinea. Today the population of the Indies is about 70 million. It is the most densely populated country in the world.”(Kennedy, p. 1)
Political systems fluctuate across the world, and can range from democracies to dictatorships. In “What Do We Know About Democratization After 20 Years”, Barbara Geddes explores the changes in democracy over a period of twenty years and the likelihood of countries interchanging between democratic governments and authoritarian regimes. Geddes compares the differences between the three main types of authoritarian regimes, which are single-party, personalist, and military. She also argues that military regimes tend to have shorter life spans than the other main types of authoritarian regimes because the military regimes are more susceptible to crumbling, and are less resilient to overcoming exogenous shocks.
Australia is home to the great barrier reef which is the world's largest coral reef system, and home to the kangaroo. Australia is the driest continent in the world. The outback is the part of Australia that few live in because it’s a vast desert (“Australia”). The great dividing range is a long chain of mountains that runs along the Pacific Coast of Australia (“Australia”). Australia is the driest inhabitable country in the world (“Australia”). The great barrier reef of Australia is the largest in the world (“Australia”). Australia is already a dry country and if the temperature rises anymore due to climate change than Australia could suffer from more severe forest fires and be doomed.
Since the beginning of humankind, the study of geography has captured the imagination of the people. In ancient times, geography books extolled tales of distant lands and dreamed of treasures. The ancient Greeks created the word "geography" from the roots "ge" for earth and "grapho" for "to write." These people experienced many adventures and needed a way to explain and communicate the differences between various lands. Today, researchers in the field of geography still focus on people and cultures (cultural geography), and the planet earth (physical geography).
Feminism, an area so large that it carries a wide range of ideas, considers a complex way of ‘equality’. This societal and social viewpoint of women looks generously at an equal value between men and women; some arguing that men should be less aggressive and take the time to understand feminine qualities and problems faced in the world.
Indonesia is also in constant pressure to keep Indonesia’s economy to be stable and improve. Without proper funding it may be difficult for Indonesia to keep up with the constant economic problems Indonesia face. Therefore, the government are forced to look into deforestation to be able to get proper funding, creating policies such as stumpage fees, log export taxes and clearings for agriculture.
Creating a democracy is no easy task. It requires a lot of internal and external factors that could either make or break a successful transition from a non-democratic regime to a democratic one. This essay explains the three major threats to democratic consolidation (international relations, elite commitment, and the role of the military) that countries undergoing transitions from a non-democratic regime to a democratic one might face. This essay will also explain on the argument on why international relations is considered the greatest threat to democratic consolidation.
Democracy is what they thought they were getting when they took out the old government and replaced it. But in reality the new governments put in place were the total opposite from democracy. Also, after WW1 people wanted change and revenge from all the damage done so, they put leaders like Stalin and Hitler in power for radical change. Ultimately this lead to the second War World, which got rid of anyone’s desires for democracy. And even America’s leader FDR was making anti-democratic decisions that lead up to America being forced into the World War. In the end, democracy was proven to be weak in the after math of the first World War and in the second World
Indonesian furniture industry is one of the potential sub sector in Indonesia. This Industry creates great job opportunities for Indonesian people. Furniture industry employs two million people directly, with an additional eighth million workers indirectly. Most of the industry is small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that could lead to substantial poverty alleviation throughout Indonesia. Typical Indonesian furniture products are made of wood and rattan. Around 57 per cent of Indonesian furniture exports are made up of wooden furniture, another 20 per cent of its export consist of furniture of rattan, and around five per cent includes other materials such as bamboo, plastic and metal. This is because of Indonesia has abundance raw materials, especially woods. Almost 108 million hectares of Indonesian land area consist of permanent forest (TREDA 2008). European countries and the United States are the
The word democracy is derived from the Greek words of “demos”, referring to people and “Kratos”, meaning power . The Greeks are credited with developing the earliest forms of democracy around 2,500 years ago. India, Russia, Japan and many other nations have only recently become democratic. Therefore, despite its lengthy history as a concept, democracy has only really become a global reality during the latter half of the 20th century. Democracy means many things to many different people. Winston Churchill has the belief that “…democracy is the worst form of government except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time.” Democracy is certainly a form of government, whereby the people rule through their elected representatives. The people are absolute, and are the supreme form of political authority. Democracy is also a guardian of the rights of all citizens and the state may not take away, nor interfere with certain basic rights. Finally democracy is the rule of law, under which all citizens are equal. The law maintains order, protects citizens and limits the power of the government. In brief, democracy is the institutionalization of liberty. For this rationale, any social order must possess the time-tested fundamentals of constitutional government, human rights, and equality before the law to be properly called democratic.
Many forms of government have been created and modified throughout history; however, the most well-established and refined is democracy. Today, as mentioned by W. L. Newman, author of Politics of Aristotle, there are four main governments: communism, totalitarian, socialism, and democracy. Each has its own strengths and weaknesses; yet, democracy 's effectiveness outweighs its deficiencies. Today, even the United States of America’s democracy is being brought into question and compared to a form of minor socialism by some presidential candidates. Thus, it is imperative to understand why democracy has made such a positive impact on countries that have established it as their government. If the general public continues ignoring the infinite powers
In modern times, it is very rare that a Christian church has female leaders. This could be caused by ancient philosophers (Haddad, 2006). Aristotle once said, “The male is by nature superior, and the female inferior; and the one rules, and the other is ruled.” Other philosophers like him said similar things; Christian philosophers adopted these teachings, and they bled into the church. (Haddad, 2006). These ideas are outdated and do not coincide with the early church. Strong women have always existed in the church. For example, Appolina of Alexandria was a deacon in the church located in Alexandria. Deacons of the early church had many responsibilities such as caring for the sick, theological education, and anointing the sick with oil. Appolina was capable of doing her duties just as much as male deacons were and therefore the teachings of early philosophers should not be continually implemented in the modern church. The first wave of feminism, which came around the late 17th century, called for a “craft based rather than gender based ministry” (Haddad, 2006). The first wave feminists brought about social change that took patriarchal ideals to the ground. Today, female deacons are seen rarely, but they exist. Women have more power behind their words in church and in Christian households. Feminism has brought about a positive change to outdated ideals in the Christian
While opportunities of the past were limited for women, in A Day with Feminism, Baumgardner and Richards explain that in the near future this could be completely false. When speaking of what the future could hold, Baumgardner and Richards say that “women and men are paid equal wages for work of comparable value, as is every race and ethnic group.” (133) In “A Day Without Feminism” & “Third Wave Manifesta: A Thirteen-Point Agenda,” it is also brought up that women used to have a hard time living without a man and couldn’t fully participate in society without men (5 &6). While I know this isn’t the case today, and women can certainly succeed without having a man, sometimes it doesn’t feel that way. In my personal experience, I have always been told that one of the most important things in life is finding a man to take care of you. Men have historically been thought of as providers for a household, and I don’t think that this has entirely changed. While I will admit that we have made great strides in accomplishing
One of the most complex issues in the world today concerns human population. The number of people living off the earth’s resources and stressing its ecosystem has doubled in just forty years. In 1960 there were 3 billion of us; today there are 6 billion. We have no idea what maximum number of people the earth will support. Therefore, the very first question that comes into people’s mind is that are there enough food for all of us in the future? There is no answer for that. Food shortage has become a serious problem among many countries around the world. There are many different reasons why people are starving all over the world. The lack of economic justice and water shortages are just merely two examples out of them all.