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geographical information system
conclusion on the topic of geographic information systems
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Geographical information system (or GIS) is a type of information system used for collecting data to analyze and to generate maps. In a sense, data is collected from different regions to be placed on a map to study and learn the results. This data can be a tax assessor's office that produces land use map for appraisers and planners to another part of the spectrum, where a wastewater department decides the most important areas of repair of the water system after a natural disaster. Different types of businesses from marketing to the police department will use GIS to track different information but perhaps in the same map.
The theory of having data behind a map dates back Pre 200AD but it wasn't until the early computer era of the 1960s to the 1960s that maps where able to be investigate, like that of a business could use to understand why sales were declining. The Canadian Geographic Information System (CGIS) is one of the earliest types of GIS to progress and since the mid 1960s, is still in use today. The CGIS used the information from data to produce results to be used in developing land management plans. This paved way for the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) in 1969 to begin developing GIS software to be accessible by corporations, non-profit organizations, and the government. Today, the ESRI are the lead distributor in GIS software having more than 100,000 client sites world wide and establishing the representation of GIS software.
Today, many non-profit organizations use GIS in the environmental field to help with conservation to track changes that could cause harm to a species or to monitor existing species and its habitat. In the late 1980s, ESRI started a conservation program to help nonprofit organizations with their quest for nature conservation by providing GIS software, data, and training. With the GIS program, whether provided from ESRI or other GIS software developers, non-profit organizations can identify trends and patterns to figure out if the area is in danger of becoming uninhabitable to the species of life in the immediate area. The GIS application has four basic functions to perform, which is data acquisition, data management, data integration, and map generation. After this data is collected, the organizations in the environmental conservation management will use gap analysis to determine the new developments or patterns occurring in the area. Gap analysis is comparing the past maps to the present maps to make decisions concerning what actions the organization will need to make to benefit the future on a global scale.
Ken Jennings was a map nerd from a young age himself, you will not be surprised to learn, even sleeping with an old creased atlas at the side of his pillow, most kids his age were cuddling with a trusted blanket- Jennings was not. As he travels the world meeting people of kindred spirits--map librarians, publishers, geocachers, and the engineers behind google maps. Now that technology and geographic unknowing is increasingly insulting us from the space and land around us, we are going to be needing these people more than ever. Mapheads are the ones who always know exactly where they are and...
In response to the two basic types of urban data at the City of Windsor, two GIS web service providers are devised, respectively a vector data service provider and an aerial photo service. Web service providers are computer servers to publish maps. The vector data service provider is an Object-Relational Database (ORD) based server where all GIS vector data is stored and indexed. The aerial photo service provider is a RDMS based server. High resolution aerial photos are stored in RDMS as pyramid images that can accelerate data distribution at different scales. ArcSDE, a middleware that can facilitate data management, data transfer, and data interaction in one RDMS or among RDMSs, is used to help the data communication between the database servers and map servers.
Hillier, A., & Culhane, D. (2013). GIS Applications and Administrative Data to Support Community Change. In M. Weil (Ed.), The Handbook of Community Practice (2nd ed., pp. 827-844). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Retrieved from
The information system that will be evaluated in this paper is from Malaysia. This information system is used by one of the government department in Malaysia. The government department involved is Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia or in Malay Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia (JUPEM). JUPEM started in 1885 and actually one of the earliest departments in Malaysia where it main purpose is to perform survey and mapping activities within Malaysia and also country international boundaries. The vision of establishment of JUPEM is to make JUPEM an important organization that provide survey and mapping services outstandingly and together with geospatial data management to accomplish the nation’s vision.
Geographical Information system (GIS) is a tool containing information of a certain geographical area where that information can be analyzed to serve different purposes (Khan and Adnan, 2010). GIS software enables users to view spatial data in different formats, which then allows one to interpret data simply with understanding (Alesheikh et al, 2002). There are four types of GIS i.e. Desktop GIS (creation, analysis, editing and visualization), Server GIS (management, achieving, sharing, distribution and review), Mobile GIS (collection and navigation) and the Online/Web GIS which is directly related to server GIS (Schuble, 1990).
Geographers plan new communities, decide where new highways should be placed, and establish evacuation plans. Computerized mapping and data analysis is known as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), a new frontier in geography. Spatial data is gathered on a variety of subjects and input onto a computer. GIS users can create an infinite number of maps by requesting portions of the data to plot.
Topography and Geographic Region Analysis for Tourists The natural landscape within the UK consists of a mainly flat land area. With the majority of England included in the flat land mass the major cities are populated close to the edge of the country or on the side of a national river to allow easy transport and access. In England we have a few higher peaks than sea level as the Pennines run through the north of the country from the east of the Cumbrian Mountains down to the south of the country just outside Manchester. In the rest of England there are smaller peaks of hills/mountains which are:- * Cumbrian Mountains * North York Moors * Cotswald Hills * Chiltern Hills * Salisbury Plain * North Downs In Wales we have the Cambrian Mountains as there is a great deal of high ground in the country.
The development of GIS was a result of spatial data analysis (Goodchild and Robert 2003) in the same token GIS has advanced the management of spatially referenced data. The foundation of GIS as a result is spatial analysis because it involves operations such as transformations, manipulations and other methods that are applicable to GIS to improve the data values. In turn this will encourage decisions, exposing patterns or trends not easily identifiable and anomalies. The process of spatial analysis involves the transforming of raw data into useful information. The main focus of spatial data analysis is the division of information of data analysis, where georeferenced object contains important information (Good and Robert 2003). Features on the Earth’s surface are measured directly through the use of ground instruments, satellites sensors, census data, documents or past maps (Demers 2000). The most important of these is cartographic objects on which cartographic analysis can be performed to obtain useful data. The combination of the latter and the human eye as well as brain form an excellent detector of anomalies on maps as well as cartographic imagery. Therefore spatial analysis will be approached as a continuum of simple to complex methods e.g. looking at map to requiring complex software’s and complicated mathematical understanding. Basically it is various methods used to examine an object with changing results in response to the object changing its location. In addition, spatial analysis is inductive, deductive or normative, revealing implicit to explicit information.
Forest managers must assess and integrate a wide array of conflicting factors, from commercial and non-commercial values to environmental considerations, or community needs, and even global impact, to produce positive forest plans. In most cases, forest managers develop their forest plans in consultation with citizens, businesses, organizations and other interested parties in and around the forest tract being managed. The tools and visualization have been recently evolving for better management
A map is much more then just a sheet of paper, a map is a product of human creativity and has been made since human prehistory to represent the concepts of humanity’s place in the world. They were created by imperial states as tools of power and used by individuals to aid in the understanding of the study itself. When asked to describe what cartography is, most will respond with it being both an art as well as a science. But in reality, it is best to be thought of as a craft that combines knowledge from both graphic design as well as mathematics. To thrive in the study of cartography, one must expand their skills in both of these areas. For thousands of years cartography...
A Geographic Information System is a system that consists of software, hardware, data and the people that analyze, edit, store, transfer the information linked to any location on earth. The GIS is divided into the following parts:
GIS is an emerging method of data storage and interpretation. GIS is, simply put a database. It is many tables of data organized by one common denominator, location. The data in a GIS system is organized spatially, or by its physical location on the base map. The information that is stored in the database is the location and attributes that exist in that base map, such as streets, highways, water lines, sewers, manholes, properties, and buildings, etc. each of these items don’t just exist in the database, the attributes associated with the item is also stored. A good example of this would be a specific sewer line, from and arbitrary point A to a point B. Ideally, the sewer line would be represented graphically, with a line connecting the two points or something of the like. When one retrieves the information for that line in particular, the attribute data would be shown. This data would include the size of pipe, the pipe material, the upper invert elevation, the downstream invert elevation, the date installed, and any problem history associated with that line. This is the very gist of what a GIS system is.
Most of the data related to irrigation management is complex, spatially distributed and temporal in nature. The integration of the irrigation data and use in irrigation planning and management has led to introduction of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and other technologies (Su and Wen, 2001; Bioggio and Ding, 2001; Kjelds and Storm, 2001). GIS is very effective tool to provide information to the farmers and irrigation professionals in the form of maps using interpolation. These maps can be easily understood by farmers, planners and specialists for irrigation planning, management and research providing information most effectively and accurately.
The risks and rewards of such efforts being borne by regional members. Scalability of infrastructure projects can be replicated and the lessons learned can be transferred from one regional group to another until all the continent has a robust GIS infrastructure and allow less dependence from image providers Because the regional groupings are already functional dialogue, planning and implementation of GIS projects would be much easier along already established regional
Longely et al (2005) state that there are many possible ways of defining spatial analysis but at the end all the definitions express the basic idea that information on locations is essential. Analysis carried out without knowledge of locations is not spatial analysis (Longely et al, 2005). Spatial data analysis (SDA) is a set of techniques created to support a spatial perspective on data (Goodchild et al, 1992). SDA can be differentiated from other forms of analysis by definition. It might be defined as a set of techniques whose results are dependent on the locations of the objects or events being analyzed, requiring access to both the locations and the attributes of objects (Goodchild, 1987; Goodchild et al, 1992). Spatial analysis is the heart of GIS because it includes all of the transformations, manipulations, and methods that can be applied to geographic data to add value to them. In a nutshell, spatial analysis is the process by which raw data is turned into useful information, in scientific discovery and decision making (Longely et al, 2005). A geographical information system (GIS) provides a powerful collection of tools for the management and visualization of spatial data. These tools are more influential when they are integrated with methods for spatial data analysis (Krivoruchko and Gotway, ). Bailey and Gatrell (1995) distinguish between spatial phenomena using the basic GIS operations such as spatial query, join, buffering, and layering and spatial data analysis as the application of statistical theory and techniques to the modeling of spatially referenced data, which is the discipline of spatial statistics. ArcGIS spatial analyst provides powerful spatial modeling and analysis features. GIS ...