Abstract
Deoxyribose nucleic acid or DNA is unique to each living organism due to the process of inheritance in which nucleotides are shuffled and recombined to form new combinations different from that of the parents. Mutations furthermore add to genetic diversity by changing one or more nucleotide in the DNA sequence. Genetic diversity is important to the health of a population since it allows flexibility to adapt. The three part experiment demonstrates several genetic techniques to extract, replicate and analyze buccal cell DNA in order to determine genotypes for the three target alleles. The students’ DNA sample was isolated using Chelex based reaction and quantified via UV spectroscopy. The acquired DNA sample was then replicated through
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DNA isolation is an essential technique in studying DNA. The extraction of DNA from cells and its purification are important to the fields of Biology, Biotechnology, Forensics, Medicine, and Pharmaceuticals. Extraction and purification of DNA are the first steps in the analysis and manipulation of DNA that allow scientists to detect genetic disorders, produce DNA fingerprints of individuals, and additionally create genetically engineered organisms that can produce beneficial products more medicinal purposes for humans such as antibiotics, hormones and insulin (Massengale). The isolation and quantification of DNA overall allows scientists to evaluate genetic diversity amongst organisms. The difference between individuals is a result from the exchange of genes during Meiosis and mutations. The Chelex based extraction method was used to isolate DNA from cheek cells also known as buccal cells. Chelex is a somewhat toxic and chelating material from Bio-Rad used to purify other compounds via ion exchange (Martin). Chelex protects the sample from DNAses that might remain active after the boiling and could thus destroy the DNA (Zebardast). Chelex binds to the key ion, Mg+, which the DNAses use to degrade DNA. A spectrometer was used to calculate concentration of DNA since DNA absorbs certain wavelengths of light. DNA has its highest absorption at 260nm and both …show more content…
The purpose of PCR was to produce a multitude of copies of a gene or region of DNA. There are three steps in PCR- Denaturation, Annealing and Extension. The first step was Denaturation. Double stranded DNA was melted at 94°C to single stranded DNA. All enzymatic reactions terminated. The second step was Annealing. The sequence had to be primed so the 3’-OH group attached to the 5’ Phosphate of next nucleotide so DNA Polymerase could function. The last and third step was Extension at 72°C. Primers have a strong ionic attraction to the template. The three major steps are repeated 30-40x. SNPS are Single strand nucleotide polymorphisms which represents the simplest type of genetic variation between individuals. SNP refers to specific location on genome where different people have been shown to have different nucleotide. Therefore, SNPs are gene targets. The gene targets for the lab were CDK3 and TAS2R38. Students were looking for where different people have been shown to have a different
Using PCR and Gel Electrophoresis to Determine Genotype. In certain situations, it is necessary to identify DNA retrieved from a sample. When there is a small sample in need of identification, Polymerase Chain Reactions are used to multiply the DNA. in the sample in many identical samples.
Amplification reaction was done in a 25.0 µL reaction mixture containing 0.4 µL DNA (from DNA extraction), 5.0 µL of 10X PCR reaction buffer, 14.2 µL of sterelized dH2O, 2.0 µL of magnesium chloride (MgCl2, 25 mM), 1.0 µL nucleotide/dNTP mix (10 Mm), and 0.4 µL of 5 u/µL Taq DNA polymerase for each primer namely respectively. The components and the volume used for the amplification reactions are listed in Table 3.2. For the reaction, PCR reaction was performed in a programmable gradient-enabled thermocycler (Bio-Rad MyCycler™ Thermal Cycler).
PCR or polymerase chain reaction is not a DNA typing technique, but a variety of different DNA tests (Riley). PCR duplicates and increases the quantity of a DNA strand which is beneficial to forensic scientists who are faced with little quantity of materials (Saferstein 394). The introduction of PCR-based testing in DNA analysis required scientists to switch to smaller targets that had the same repetitive variation (Jones). This is how short tandem repeat, the newest method of DNA typing,
Show your understanding of the structure of nucleic acids by describing the similarities and differences between DNA, mRNA and tRNA. Your descriptions should include drawings with labels of the nucleotide structures and the overall structures of each where applicable.
...spite benefits of the technique , that protocol cannot be used for other purposes such as PCR , because of presence of high amount of DMSO (7).DNA ladder assay is an easily available method and seems to be very useful for quick screening of apoptotic changes in cell populations. This method allows working with cell lysates and does not require any special laboratory equipment(10).The present study results showed that this DNA ladder assay used here, is a useful method for evaluating DNA damage and fragmentation caused by apoptotic agents , drugs , food additives and etc.
Genetic engineering has been around for many years and is widely used all over the planet. Many people don’t realize that genetic engineering is part of their daily lives and diet. Today, almost 70 percent of processed foods from a grocery store were genetically engineered. Genetic engineering can be in plants, foods, animals, and even humans. Although debates about genetic engineering still exist, many people have accepted due to the health benefits of gene therapy. The lack of knowledge has always tricked people because they only focused on the negative perspective of genetic engineering and not the positive perspective. In this paper, I will be talking about how Genetic engineering is connected to Brave New World, how the history of genetic engineering impacts the world, how genetic engineering works, how people opinions are influenced, how the side effects can be devastating, how the genetic engineering can be beneficial for the society and also how the ethical issues affect people’s perspective.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is an acclaimed extraordinary discovery that has contributed great benefits in several fields throughout the world. DNA evidence is accounted for in the majority of cases presented in the criminal justice system. It is known as our very own unique genetic fingerprint; “a chromosome molecule which carries genetic coding unique to each person with the only exception of identical twins (that is why it is also called 'DNA fingerprinting ')” (Duhaime, n.d.). DNA is found in the nuclei of cells of nearly all living things.
Lyons, R.H. (2004). How do we Sequence DNA? In A Primer in DNA Structure and Function. Retrieved from http://seqcore.brcf.med.umich.edu/doc/educ/dnapr/sequencing.html
"Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Fact Sheet." National Human Genome Research Institute. 10 Dec. 2007. National Institutes of Health. .
Genes are, basically, the blueprints of our body which are passed down from generation to generation. Through the exploration of these inherited materials, scientists have ventured into the recent, and rather controversial, field of genetic engineering. It is described as the "artificial modification of the genetic code of a living organism", and involves the "manipulation and alteration of inborn characteristics" by humans (Lanza). Like many other issues, genetic engineering has sparked a heated debate. Some people believe that it has the potential to become the new "miracle tool" of medicine. To others, this new technology borders on the realm of immorality, and is an omen of the danger to come, and are firmly convinced that this human intervention into nature is unethical, and will bring about the destruction of mankind (Lanza).
Human genetic engineering can provide humanity with the capability to construct “designer babies” as well as cure multiple hereditary diseases. This can be accomplished by changing a human’s genotype to produce a desired phenotype. The outcome could cure both birth defects and hereditary diseases such as cancer and AIDS. Human genetic engineering can also allow mankind to permanently remove a mutated gene through embryo screening as well as allow parents to choose the desired traits for their children. Negative outcomes of this technology may include the transmission of harmful diseases and the production of genetic mutations. The benefits of human genetic engineering outweigh the risks by providing mankind with cures to multiple deadly diseases.
Synthetic biology, also known as synbio, is a new form of research that began in the year 2000. The Action Group on Erosion, Technology and Concentration (ETC Group) says that synthetic biology is bringing together “engineering and the life sciences in order to design and construct new biological parts, devices and systems that do not currently exist in the natural world’ (Synthetic Biology). Synthetic biology is aiming to create safer medicines, clean energy, and help the environment through synthetically engineered medicines, biofuels, and food. Because synthetic biology has only existed for fourteen years, there is controversy involving its engineering ethics. In this literature review, I am going to summarize and correlate the International Association for Synthetic Biology (IASB) Code of Conduct for Gene Synthesis, the impact of synthetic biology on people and the environment, and the philosophical debates.
The scientific and medical progress of DNA as been emense, from involving the identification of our genes that trigger major diseases or the creation and manufacture of drugs to treat these diseases. DNA has many significant uses to society, health and culture of today. One important area of DNA research is that used for genetic and medical research. Our abi...
What are the principle, ethical issues and experimental procedures used in genetic engineering and cloning? Should Cloning be allowed to continue?