Genetic Observations Through The Studies of Hybrid Corn, Single Gene Human Traits, and Fruit Flies
The basic foundation of modern genetics was led by Gregor Mendel (Corcos,
1993). Mendel was not the first to experiment with heredity, and our Lyman
Briggs biology class will not be the last to deal with genetics. Genetics is the science of heredity. In our lab, we had three main objectives. First, we evaluated our data on monohybrid and dihybrid corn cross seed counts against
Mendel’s theoretical expectations of independent assortment and the segregation of alleles. Next, we used the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem to provide a theoretically expected value for allele frequencies for single human gene traits. Lastly, we dealt with Drosophila melanogaster and we examined red and white eye alleles to determine if this gene is sex-linked or autosomal.
During the mid 1800’s Mendel bred garden peas to study inheritance. He choose these plants because of their well defined characteristics and the ability to be grown and crossed (Campbell, 1996). Mendel wanted to know the genetic basis for variation among individuals and what accounted for the transmission of traits from generation to generation. Mendel followed traits for the P generation, F1 generation, and F2 generation. The P generation is the original true-breeding parents. Their hybrid offspring is the F1 generation, the first filial. The F2 generation is the second filial and is the self- pollination of the F1 hybrids. It was predominantly his research on the F2 generation that led to Mendel’s Law of Segregation and Law of Independent
Assortment (Campbell, 1996).
Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that alleles sort into separate gametes. He formed this through performing monohybrid crosses. The F2 generation will have a 3:1 phenotypic ratio. By considering more than one trait
Mendel formed his Law of Independent Assortment. He questioned whether traits were inherited independently or dependently. By performing dihybrid crosses he found that genes are independent and will form all possible combinations .
Crossing two different traits resulted in a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio (Campbell,
1996).
Thomas Hunt Morgan also had a major contribution in the study of inheritance. He was the first to associate a sp...
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...ross, Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment illustrated that four possible phenotypes form a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio. For the single gene human traits experiment, we used the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem and equation to find the allele frequencies. For the experiment with Drosophila melanogaster we examined a fruit fly cross between red-eyed males and white-eyed females. We determined that this trait is sex-linked when the offspring were red-eyed females and white-eyed males. Throughout the genetics lab each purpose was determined and explained. A lot was learned about Mendel, genetics, and the hereditary process that makes us who we are today.
Cited Literature
Campbell, N.A. 1996. Biology. The Benjamin Cummings Publishing Co., New York, pp.
238- 279.
Corcos, Alain F. and Floyd V. Monaghan. 1993. Gregor Mendel’s Experiments on
Plant Hybrids. Rutgers University Press, New Jersey, pp. 45-46, 76,
105-112, 133.
Davis, M. 1996. Genetics. LBS 144 Laboratory Manual. The Lyman Briggs School,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, pp. 25-36.
This chapter, titled Suicide discusses the deviant activity of suicide. Author John Curra is a professor at Eastern Kentucky University where he teaches courses in social deviance, criminology, sociological analysis amongst more, and has authored several texts. Through the chapter, Curra defines and discusses the various forms of suicide that have been used throughout history, such as obligatory suicide, euthanasia and suicidal bombing. He also explains how these forms have adapted over time and their impact on society as well as how the act of suicide is and has been dealt with across different cultures. Curra clearly shows through this chapter to vast differences in how society reacts to and accepts suicide
Sigmund Freud was largely influential to various psychiatrists, who would initially pursue his psychoanalytic or psychodynamic approach. However, Freud would later be challenged by William Glasser in his development of Reality Therapy, Wolpe & Albert Ellis’s Behavior Therapy, Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Behavior Therapy, and Albert Ellis’s Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (McCarthy & Archer, 2013). The before mentioned individuals develop new approaches that were found more effective with the changing times and referred to as the thought-focused treatment.
I will be writing about the story, Where the Red Fern Grows. The story will tell about Billy Coleman and his dogs, Little Ann and Old Dan. It will tell about their hunting skills and the life of Billy Coleman. I personally like the book better than the book. Billy Coleman was a thirteen year old hunter.
Lee, Kori. "Eastern vs. Western Views of Death and Suicide." HubPages. 15 Jan. 2013. Web. 09 Apr. 2014. Web.
The introduction of the psychoanalytic theory into the field of psychology in the late 19th century and early 20th century by Sigmund Freud provided an innovative approach toward the examination and treatment of an individual’s behaviors. Through Freud’s definition of psychoanalysis, the idea that behaviors are not random, but rather full of significance, was encapsulated. In general terms Freud viewed psychoanalysis as an attribution of thoughts and actions to an individual’s unconscious motives and conflicts through the use of personality and therapeutic methods. Within this theory Freud developed an idea of an individual’s mind by analyzing it in comparison to an iceberg. Much like an iceberg, which contains various regions that are exposed and concealed, Freud viewed one’s cognizance through the same lens. He generated a clear view of the human mind in three distinct categories: the id, the ego, and the superego.
Shedler (2010) also used psychodynamic therapy to understand and approach the manifested thoughts that occur throughout a lifetime, just as Freud (1910) discused in his lectures. This therapy unveils anything that is avoided or unexplored in someone’s life due to trauma or a dramtic event. Shedler found in a meta-analysis that people with bordline personality disorder and received psychodynamic therapy had a better outcome in symptom treatments and treatments for furutre issues than people in other types of behavioral therapy. In Freud‘s (1910) lectures, he explains the steps that are needed to take in his psychoanalytic therapy. Shedler (2010) discusses following the procedural rules for treatment may not be as successful as past therapies
around the world will eventually suffer the consequences of this new and porly examined science. What should concern every
However, despite repeated criticism and attempted refutations of Freud’s work, his ideas remained powerful well after his death and the general way in which psychoanalysis and other forms of psychotherapy are conducted is still based on Freud’s procedure, and remains one of his most enduring legacies.
This report is separated into six sections: Theoretical clarifications of suicide, New Zealand Suicide current insights, Suicidal patterns and cross sectional Comparison, Different causative components for suicide, Analyze of suicide counteractive action strategies and conclusion.
In considering people`s motives for killing themselves, it is essential to recognize that most suicides are driven by a flash flood of strong emotions, not rational, philosophical thoughts in which the pros and cons are evaluated critically; Alaska was obviously not in a stable state of mind due to her intense emotions and intoxication. Step one is defined as falling short of standards. Statistically, suicide rates are higher in nation with higher standards of living. Such idealistic conditions heighten suicide risk considering the creation of unreasonable standards for personal happiness. Step two is attributions to self. For a suicide to occur, it is seen as a necessary for one to loathe themselves for facing the troubles they find themselves in. For example, Alaska mercilessly accepts complete blame for her mother’s death. Alaska demonizes herself in response to negative turn of events. Feelings of worthlessness, shame, guilt, and inadequacy leads suicidal people to dislike themselves in a manner that, essentially, cleaves those who are suicidal from an idealized humanity. The self is seen as being enduringly undesirable; there being no hope for change with the core self being perceived as
The concept of the male suicide was mentioned as an “easy way out”, but at the same time was still considered to require “strength”. This oxymoron was a major focus for the authors as they tried to make sense of those conflicting notions. They speculated that Western culture has concluded that the male suicide is a ‘lashing out’ towards external pressures like economic status and relationship status. One participant ‘Rob’ stated that men would rather kill themselves than suffer the shame of asking for help. The authors linked this to the concept of ‘honour’ (they are British), where a man who talks about his feelings and seeks help is ‘weak’ and a ‘failure’ when men must be ‘strong’ and ‘successful’. An additional effect of this hyper-aversion to expression and vulnerability is that if a man attempts suicide and lives through it, they are treated with less sympathy than a woman in the same scenario. Men were also expected by participants to be more impulsive and decisive and therefore more likely to commit suicide after a short amount of time and with low rate of
Regarding job involvement I found that I was right in the middle, whereby I am not extremely involved in my job and this is fairly accurate concerning the position I currently hold. Yet, overall I am satisfied with my job and this shows with the higher score that was obtained while testing. Interestingly enough, I also found that I am a diversity optimist and this inclines
Wheat is one of the major food crops in the world, which provides 532 kcal/capita/day (http://faostat.fao.org). World production of wheat is about 670 M tonnes, which is only behind maize (872 M tonnes) and rice (720 M tonnes) (http://faostat.fao.org) whereas the US is the third largest wheat producer in the world (http://faostat.fao.org). Wheat group comprise of 13 diploid and 18 allopolyploid species (12 tetra and 6 hexa) (Feldman et al. 2012), where hexaploid wheat is the most cultivated class throughout the world (Faris 2014). Hexaploid wheat (bread wheat) is known as the allohexaploid (2n=6x=42, BBAADD), because it is derived from the diploid species via convergent evolution (Faris 2014 and Feldman et al. 2012). Hexaploid wheat consist of winter and spring wheat, which mainly differed by vernalization governed by vrn (vrn1, vrn2) genes (Taiz and Zeiger 2002, Doebley et al. 2006).
The founder of Psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud was a physiologist, and medical doctor and a psychologist. During the span of his research in psychotherapy he was criticized by many who claimed his research was not science. Although it has been decades and Freud’s work has filled many of today’s psychology textbooks, there are contemporary critics who still question the legitimacy of Freud’s scientific work. Sigmund Freud’s achievements unlocked the unconscious and developed modern psychotherapy.
This theory focuses on the role of unconscious influences on how we think and act.(2) This theory became very popular because of its explanatory power for previously unexplainable human behavior, Freud 's therapeutic method, called psychoanalysis or Insight therapy, was developed to identify the underlying conflicts between intrapsychic structures and resolve them by bringing them to consciousness. Although Freud thought of himself as a scientist, and he was very thorough in recording his methods and outcomes, he did not practice modern scientific methods. Psychoanalytic theory was developed through case study analysis, a qualitative, not scientific, method.(1) Freud believed that people have little free will to make choices in life. Instead, our behavior is determined by the unconscious mind and particularly childhood