Gene Therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
Introduction.
Leukemia is one of kinds of the blood tumor and which can effect on blood and the bone marrow. This disease is featuring when the white blood cells are increasing unnaturally. There are no a certain age to this disease. The treatment of this disease is dependent on the age of patient and the type of leukemia.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or β- Cell Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (β -CLL) is the disease that causing tumor in lymphocytes. The CLL cells are trying to keep the β- cells are working. Also, they try to do not accept to be under the programed cell death (Wierda & Kipps, 2007). The CLL is distinguished through amassing of lymph tissue, marrow and monoclonal B cells in the blood. Until now it is hard to treatment this disease. Researchers have found that to security the CLL cells from apoptosis need for the existence both of bone marrow and lymph node (Castro et al., 2012).
Gene therapy is replace a mutation gene to replace curative genes. Using DNA is the main factor on gene therapy. The gene therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) by stimulate the immune gene through using primary leukemia cell and virus vector (Wierda & Kipps, 2007).
Researches been have used three vectors of gene therapy for CLL. First Technique is adenoviral (Ad) vector. It is a 36-kb double stranded DNA virus. This virus can reduce the rate of disease and affect on various cell (Cantwell, Sharma, Friedmann & Kipps, 2014). Using adenoviral vectors because they have many advantage to treat the CLL. These viruses characterized by high feature which are not linked with serious infection. They have used Ad-ISF35 which is adenovirus vector. Both in vivo and in vitro can encode by ...
... middle of paper ...
...n CLL therapy (Kalos et al., 2011).
Conclusion.
Leukemia constitutes a danger on humans live. Research has determined several systems and mechanism involved in the process of developing the treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Using many vectors as gene therapy of CLL, researchers are getting closer to finding a good treatment of CLL through understanding he detailed processes that cause CLL, but could still be a long way from preventing and treating CLL. The most of experiments were in both vivo and vitro.
Based on the research reviewed in this paper, using Ad-ISF 35 vector as a gene therapy for CLL was good, but all samples were taken from patient on the middle age. So, can we apply these results to children who suffer from CLL? In addition, this treatment in primary stages of CLL and may be these vector can work in advanced of the disease.
Lymphoid tissue is made up of cells called lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that fights infection. There are 2 major types of lymphocytes: B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells). Normal T cells and B cells have different jobs. But because all the importance of these cells they can travel around the body spreading the cancerous cells. There are four stages for Hodgkin’s lymphoma when testing is completed the doctors can determine what stage the cancer is at and what treatment will be best suited to fighting the disease.
Gene therapy is the application of the technique where the defect-causing "bad" genes are replaced by correct "good" genes. The idea of gene therapy is to treat the disease by correcting the "bad" DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) rather than the current me thod of providing drugs, or proteins not produced by the defective gene. Gene therapy addresses the problem first hand by directly working with the genetic information causing the disease. From the book Shaping Genes, Dr. Darryl Macer says "It is like f ixing a hole in the bucket, rather than trying to mop up the leaking water." There are two kinds of gene therapy, somatic cell gene therapy and germline gene therapy.
There have been four somewhat recent successful gene therapy treatments. The four deal with correcting hemophilia, bone marrow transplants, skin cancer, and vessel growth. In the success with the bone marrow transplants, French researchers collected bone marrow cells from patients, used gene therapy to correct the bone marrow, and then returned the bone marrow to the patient. This was 80% successful as reports 16 months after the transplants showed. Squamous cell carcinoma, skin cancer of the head and neck, was treated using gene therapy as well. The fourth trial was where DNA was used to carry a substance that stimulates blood vessel growth to damaged heart tissue and in this trial there was much success noted.
It was in the 1980’s that scientist began looking at alternative ways of treatments, one is gene therapy. Scientist would insert human genes into a bacteria cell. Then the bacteria cell would transcribe and translate the information into a protein. Once that is done the scientist would then introduce the protein into human cells. Gene therapy can be simply viewed as inserting bits of foreign DNA into a patient’s tissue in hope...
Human gene therapy is a method used in the medical field that treats diseases at a molecular level, by solving the source of the problem; our genes. Today, diseases and disorders are commonly treated by solving the symptoms, the surface of the problem. Many disorders and diseases are caused by defective proteins and within those defective proteins are damaged and defective genes. These defective genes can be treated through gene therapy. Gene therapy is not new and has been developed and improved by researchers for the past couple years. Being an experimental technique, gene therapy also has its pros and cons, but so far is showing positive and rising success rates.
“The word 'leukemia' is a very frightening word. In many instances, it's a killer and it's something that you have to deal with in a very serious and determined way if you're going to beat it” - Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. Many people, including tons of children, fight leukemia every day trying to beat this vicious cancer. Without knowing how leukemia is exactly caused, it puts a damper on how to avoid it.
Gene therapy works in three ways; it works to replace a missing or defective gene with a normal one, replace a faulty gene so that it will function properly and it works to activate and deactivate a gene, allowing it to “switch” on and off. Gene therapy is done by the deliverance of a gene to a cell via a carrier, or vector, such as a virus. Scientists lean more towards using a virus because they can seek out particular cells and transfer pieces of deoxyribonucleic acid into them. Scientists also take advantage by deactivating their harmful characterizes and modifying them to carry particular gene into designated cells. After gene therapy is done, the genes can then stimulate the production needed for standard functioning, allowing that gene to return to its previous normal state. Therefore, if a patient were to be in the beginning stages of cancer, gene therapy would seek out the cancerous gene and replace it with a healthy one and minimizes the disease from
Gene therapy gives people who suffer from genetic diseases a chance to lead a normal life. Dangerous diseases, such as AIDS, SCID, Thalassemia and ADA can be cured successfully. In September 5, 2006, two people with advanced melanoma received Gene therapy and they got recovery soon. This is a breakthrough in cancer gene therapy. Gene therapy uses patients own cells to cure diseases, and, therefore, no rejection to their bodies. Furthermore, patients could get permanent cure from gene therapy without recurrence.
The types of diseases that can be treated by gene therapy are those where replacement of a single gene is able to cure the disorder. Some of the main diseases currently being researched in gene therapy studies include cancer, hemophilia, sickle cell anemia, muscular dystro...
Gene therapy is a provisional technique that is the insertion of normal genes into the cells where there is a missing or miscoded gene to fix a genetic disorder. In the 1960s and early 1970s,
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): is a type of blood cancer that begins in the bone marrow. Depending on the patients and progress of the cancer, it will either grow...
The emphasis on health and fitness has become paramount in our society today in an effort to prevent and combat diseases such as Cancers. Cancers are a group of over 100 diseases that affects every aspect of the human system from skin, to bones, to muscles, to blood. One of the most common blood disorders is Leukemia. As defined by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, Leukemia is a type of blood cancer that begins in the bone marrow. The bone marrow is the soft tissue in the center of the bone that is responsible for the production of blood cells. The term leukemia means white blood. The term leukocytes refer to white blood cells, which are body’s defense against infections and other foreign substances. When Leukemia occurs there is an uncontrolled increase in the number of white blood cells. When this occurs, these cancerous cells inhibit the production of healthy red blood cells, platelets, and mature white blood cells. Over time the cancerous cells can spread to the bloodstream and lymph nodes. They can also travel to the Central Nervous System and the rest of the body.
CML is due to a change in chromosome 22 (the Philadelphia chromosome, named from its place of discovery) of the DNA in immature bone marrow cells. It was discovered that there is a translocation, or movement of a part of DNA of the distal part, or long arms of chromosome 22 onto chromosome 9. The gene that is formed from the translocation is called the BCR-ABL gene from the c-ABL gene on chromosome 9 and the BCR gene on chromosome 22. The BCR-ABL gene results in the production of a mutated protein which c...
...matopoietic compartment using integrating vectors particularly need to understand genotoxicity risks in relation to the risks of conventional bone marrow transplantation. A QPL could direct them to ask questions about risk, benefits and survival rates following transplantation at local centres; the prognosis of patients in the different haematopoietic gene therapy trials; the number and status of patients that developed leukaemia in the SCID-X1 gene therapy trials; and whether there are any differences between the proposed vector and the vector used in the SCID-X1 trial and any possible safety developments. This kind of guidance may help patients understand both what is known and unknown about specific applications of gene therapy.
Gene therapy enables patients to survive incurable diseases. In the field of genetic diseases, ADA-SCID, CGD and hemophilia are three main ones. ADA-SCID is known as the bubble boy disease. CGD is related to immune system that would lead to fungal infections which are fatal. Patients with Hemophilia are not able to induce bold bleeding (Gene therapy for diseases, 2011). Gene therapy also has good effects on cancer treatment and neurodegenerative diseases, which include Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. Viral infections, including influenza, HIV and hepatitis can also be treats by it (Gene therapy for diseases, 2011). According to the Science Daily in 2011, gene therapy now can apply to heart failures and neurologic diseases as well.