Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
Review of gastroesophageal reflux disease
Review of gastroesophageal reflux disease
Case study oesophageal reflux
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: Review of gastroesophageal reflux disease
Introduction
About 40 years ago the inappropriate level of gastric acid was a very major problem.That time very few medical treatments were available for this type of Gastroesophageal reflux disease(GRED).For this type of disease Heartburn was the most common type of symptom and the peptic ulcer was one of the most common type of disease. If it was untreated then it can be life threatening. That time the only cure of the disease to administration of antacid drugs. But it had only temporary effect. With the progress of the drug chemistry new drugs came into the market for the gastric diseases which effect is for the long time.These tpe of drugs are generally targeting the different type of receptor like Histamine(H2) receptor,proton pump receptors etc. In this review they showed the development of the new antacid drug by the structure activity relationship such as Omeprazole and Esoprazole.
Development History
The breakthrough of the GRED type diseases was in the late 1970 when antisecretory drug cimetidine was developed which is the antagonist of the Histamine(H2) which has the important role in the gastric juice secretion. After that cimetidine type compounds with the same type of mechanism of action has the good potential for the GRED but the effect is temporary. But it reduces the need of surgery. In this time one of the pharmaceutical company Astra, they are trying to develope some compound which inhibits the proton pump in the acid secretion the pariental cells of the stomach which is most important in the acid secretion step. After the long screening of the molecules they ended up with the drug called Omeprazole which was first launched as Losec in Europe in 1988 and in 1990 as Prilosec in US. This type of drug i...
... middle of paper ...
...who have the gastric tumour they use high dose of proton pump inhibitor drugs.
References:
1. www.wikipedia.org
2. Lindberg, P. et al. Omeprazole, the first proton pump inhibitor. Med. Res. Rev. 10, 15 (1990)
3. Saccomani, G., Crago, S., Mihas, A., Dailey, D. W. & Sachs, G. Tissue and cell localization of hog gastric plasma membrane by antibody techniques. Acta Physiol. Scand. (Suppl) 293–305 (1978)
4. Lindberg, P., Brandstrom, A. & Wallmark, B. Structure–activity relationships of omeprazole analogues and their mechanism of action. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 8, 399–402 (1987)
5. Andersson, T., Rohss, K., Bredberg, E. & Hassan–Alin, M. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of esomeprazole, the S-isomer of omeprazole. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 15, 1563–1569 (2001)
6. An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry(4th Edition) By Graham L Patrick, Oxford University Press
In a separate analysis we divided the patients to 2 groups, a group that used Proton pump inhibitor (omeprazole) and the control group; we found that out of 98 patients, 7 patients had PEP (5 sever, 1mild, 1 moderate) compared to 91patients that did not use PPI had 5 PEP. P value =0.7703
Pharmaceuticals have examined and found to ”work by changing the biological functions of the target cells in the body through chemical agents“ (Doweiko, 2015, p. 16). ”Many people in the past have thought that drugs that
The cause for the acid-base balance would be the sedative, the patient’s weight which is obese, respiratory, bicarbonate and metabolic problem.
A common over-the-counter medication for symptoms such as headache, stomach ache, and heart burn is Alka-Seltzer tablets.1 One of three ingredients found in the tablets is acetyl salicylic acid (C8H12O4) to relief head ache pains. The other two components are sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and citric acid (C6H8O7) which are utilized under the acid-base chemistry rule in order to produce the fizzing sensation needed to produce excess CO2 to aid in heartburn and stomach aches.1 The Brønsted-Lowery Acid-Base Rule simply states properties of both types of substances and how they will react with when added to a solution. A base will accept a proton donation while an acid will donate the proton.2 Utilizing all of this information an experiment was conducted
The invention of aspirin, a medical-breakthrough, mainly belongs to the knowledge of chemistry. In order to study how aspirin actually work and its possible side-effect, pharmacology knowledge is also needed.
Patients were included in the trial if they met the following criteria: Patients that were in the ICU receiving proton pump inhibitors, either enteral or parenteral, regardless of frequency, dose or duration. The control group is H2 blockers by enteral or parental routes, regardless of frequency, dose or duration. Patients had to be considered critically ill and have at least one risk factor for stress ulcers. Exclusion criteria were based on evaluation of the randomized trials done many years ago. Trials that were eliminated were based on duplication, trials that were not relevant to research, trial involving pediatric population, quasi-randomized trials, abstract trials, and observational
In this article, you are informed about a disease that is occurring more often in our society. It is commonly referred to as “heartburn” but is more appropriately named acid reflux disease or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Most people suffer from this disease, but think nothing of it. Perhaps they have felt it after a big meal, lying down after eating, during pregnancy, or even when bending over. Most people feel that GERD occurs after eating spicy foods, when in fact the major cause of GERD is fatty foods and the quantity of foods eaten.
Antacids are the oldest most effective known medications for treating heartburn.4 An antacid is used to neutralize hydrochloric acid, the gastric acid found inside the stomach. When the hydrochloric acid backs up out of the stomach and into the esophagus it causes heart burn.1 The antacids contain a mixture of weak bases such as magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2, aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3, and calcium carbonate CaCO3.The weak base in the antacid neutralizes the hydrochloric acid and relieves heart burn.4
Acid is produced naturally in your stomach to help you digest food and to kill bacteria. This acid irritates the stomach lining so our body produces a natural mucus barrier which protects it. Sometimes this barrier may be damaged thus allowing the acid to damage the stomach causing inflammation, ulcers and other conditions. Other times, there may be a problem with the muscular band at the top of the stomach that keeps the stomach tightly closed and this allows the acid to escape and irritate the oesophagus. This is called 'acid reflux' and can cause heartburn and/or oesophagitis. Proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole stop cells in the lining of the stomach from producing too much acid. This can help prevent ulcers from forming or assist the healing process. By decreasing the amount of acid, they can also help to reduce acid reflux related symptoms such as heartburn.
As we discussed above that pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics can be seen as two sides of the same coin in order to gain better understanding of their efficacy and safety profiles.” Generally it is possible to make fairly robust predictions of the pharmacokinetic profile in man using in vitro systems and preclinical pharmacokinetic studies. A previously published survey on the causes of failure in drug development indicated that inappropriate pharmacokinetics were a major cause such as; factors as low bioavailability due to high extraction or poor absorption characteristics, short elimination half-life leading to short duration of action and excessive variability due to genetic or environmental factors. This observation has led to an increased emphasis on pharmacokinetic input to the drug discovery process throughout the pharmaceutical industry. However, it is important to realise that this may only permit the rejection of compounds to b...
However, with this element of the conditioned mentioned, the focus of this paper will be on empacho as it affects the stomach and intestines while also looking at the various treatments for it. How is empacho treated? There are several ways that empacho of the gastrointestinal tract can be treated. Th... ...
plasma membranes, meaning animals and plants contain lipids. In this paper I will display and
The treatment of gastroparesis aims to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life. Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that improves gastric emptying through its prokinetic effects. When given orally many motilin agonists, including erythromycin, improve symptoms for several weeks, but long-term therapy leads to tachyphylaxis due to downregulation of the motilin receptor. Another limitation of erythromycin is related to its adverse effects through cytochrome P450 metabolism. There has been an association of erythromycin and sudden cardiac death by QTc prolongation leading to torsade de pointes.2,3
Horowitz, N. H. (1997, July 23). Roger Wolcott Sperry. Retrieved November 19, 2013, from Nobelprize.org: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1981/sperry-article.html
Ed. David Zieve. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 26 Feb. 2014. Web. The Web.