Galileo: A Man on a Mission
In 1632, Galileo Galilei published his book "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems." As innocent as this may seem, the implications that were associated with the publishing of the book were soon evident. In the time prior to the publishing of the book, Galileo had been warned several times not to publish it by the Catholic Church.
The book was a fictitious dialogue between three men, whose purpose was to discuss two theories of Planetary Motion. The theory that Galileo was advocating was considered by the Church to be heretical, and he was told several times that publishing the book would have dire consequences. His pride, his impulsive nature, his arrogance, and his love for science influenced Galileo's decision. Galileo was a scientific genius, but he was also a human. He was too proud to compromise his beliefs under any circumstances.
Before we can analyze this decision, we must understand exactly what the book contained. The idea behind the book was to demonstrate the superiority and validity of the Copernican model of the Solar System versus the Ptolemaic model of the Solar System. The Ptolemaic System was a model of the Solar System in which the planets, the sun, and all other objects in the universe revolve around the Earth. This system was supported by Aristotle and coincided with Holy Scripture, and therefore, was supported by the Church. On the other hand, the Copernican model of the Solar system was the basis for the system we use today. It stated that all objects in the universe, including the Earth, revolve around the sun. This idea was what caused problems with the Church. The theory that the Earth was not the center of the universe directly contradicted Holy Scripture. This was the foundation on which the Church based its threats against Galileo.
Before we can truly understand the magnitude of this decision, we must also first comprehend the climate of the times in which his book was published. Europe was in the midst of a break from the old method of thinking to a new, increasingly scientific method of viewing the world and society. Until this time, Europe had been in what we call the "Age of Faith." This time period was characterized by a strong belief in the Church and religion. Although still a major force in the lives of the people, religion and philosophy were on a steady decline since the start of the Renaissance when the "Age of Exploration" began.
The Bible was one of the most important pieces of text during Galileo’s lifetime. If you went against what the Bible stated then you were considered to be a heretic. The Bible indicated that the earth was in the center of the universe and the sun and the other planets revolve around it. a theory known as the geocentric model. Many scientists argued against this theory by stating that actually the sun was in the center of the universe and the earth and the other planets revolved around the sun, this theory was known as the heliocentric model. Nicolas Copernicus was one of the first out of many scientists who publically shared this theory. Later Giordano Bruno also supported this theory and because of this the Church ordered him to be burned
Who’s the real monster? Textural form help composers such as Mary Shelley and Ridley Scott express how similar ideas are approached differently, considering the changes in their context and targeted audiences. Are we who we think we are? Mary Shelley’s gothic novel, Frankenstein (FR), published in 1818 and Ridley Scott’s Si-Fi movie, Blade Runner (B.R.), directors cut, re-released in 1992, convey thematic similarities of “Discovery and advances towards science” and “What does it mean to be human” expressed concern F and B.R with over One Century differences. When analyzing both texts through an interior narrative we as the audience gain an understanding towards what the main characters are thinking and what input Shelley’s and Scott’s time is reflected in their characters.
Galileo's objections to using the bible where very clear. He objected to using the bible as a source of knowledge of physical things because it would not always speak the truth on the surface. He feels that the truth and meaning lie underneath what is actually written down on the page. He believes we must use our senses God gave us to find the truth in the bible. He thinks the bible leads us to the abandonment of reason and our senses.
In his Letter to The Grand Duchess Christina, Galileo challenged the widely accepted religious beliefs of the time, claiming that the conflict lies in their interpretation, not the context. In Galileo’s eyes science was an extremely useful tool that could and should have been used in interpreting the Scriptures. He argued that “the intention of the Holy Ghost is to teach us how one goes to heaven not how heaven goes” (Grand Duchess). The purpose of science was not to counter what the bible teaches; rather its purpose was to help explain the teachings of the scriptures. Furthermore, it was “prudent to affirm that the holy Bible can never speak untruth-whenever its true meaning is understood” (Grand Duchess). However, because of the terminology in which the bible was presented the perception of what the Scripture defined as truth was skewed. The Bible was written so that the common man could understand it and follow its commandments. The people also showed a greater inte...
...cided to condemn Galileo’s work. While it does not discredit God’s power or the Bible, the overall tone of the scientist’s letter is quite sarcastic towards the clergy. While defending his first argument, Galileo appears to undermine the intellectual capabilities of his opponents. He implies that those who interpret the Holy Writ word for word belong to the “common people” whom he describes as “rude and unlearned”, and that other “wise expositors” should be the ones who search for the true meaning of the Bible. Galileo makes a similar implication while presenting his second argument, when he writes that the purpose of the Holy Scriptures is “infinitely beyond the comprehension of the common people”. The Catholic Church likely viewed these claims as an attempt to weaken its authority, which would explain why Galileo’s discoveries were condemned for nearly 300 years.
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The Catholic Church stated, “The proposition that the sun is in the center of the world and immovable from its place is absurd, philosophically false, and formally heretical; because it is expressly contrary to Holy Scriptures’(Doc.2). This shows the hindrance that the church creates to impede the advancement of science. As known today, the sun is the center of the solar system. Even while Galileo and Copernicus knew that this was the correct arrangement of the solar system and even had evidence, the church still dismissed them and stopped them from sharing their thoughts and
To speak out against the Church in this time was strictly taboo. If one spoke against the Church, it was considered heresy, which is exactly what happened to Galileo. Galileo invented the telescope and began studying the heavens above and noticed changes within the stars and planets. He observed that the "stars" that surrounded Jupiter moved. He came to the conclusion through rational thinking that Copernicus' heliocentric theory was correct.
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Felicilda-Reynaldo (2016) defined the thyroid as the butterfly shaped gland which located in the lower front of the neck to control the body’s metabolism. In addition, it helps the body use energy, stay warm and keep the brain, heart, muscles, and other organs working normally (American Thyroid Association (ATA), 2014). This endocrine gland produces two main thyroid hormones in a balanced way so that the normal work in protecting the body from harmful substances such as bacteria or any other materials. Thus, when this gland produces one of these hormones more than the natural rate, which is 80% and thyroxine T4 and 20% triiodothyronine T3, then the body becomes what is called hyperthyroidism (De Leo & Braverman, 2016). Moreover, nervousness, irritability, increased perspiration, anxiety, racing heart, difficulty sleeping, thinning skin, weight loss, or muscle weakness are some of the hyperthyroidism symptoms that experienced by a patient from active thyroid gland (ATA,
As he believes that this would threaten jurisdiction of the church and would also undermine the interpretation of the Holy Scripture “harm the Holy Faith by rendering Holy Scripture false” (Bellarmine, 1615, pg 68). Therefore using Copernicanism as a working hypothesis is a better option for the church than expecting it as reality. He also recognises that by accepting Copernicanism outright would demonstrate that the church had interpreted the Holy Scripture wrong thus causing the Church to lose its authority in the community more quickly and essentially causing the believers of the Church to lose faith in it. He uses this example in order to get his point across “ likely not only to irritate all scholastic philosopher and theologians, but also to harm the Holy Faith by rendering Holy Scripture false…many ways of interpreting Holy Scripture, but has not applied them to particular cases; without a doubt you would have encountered very great difficulties if you have wanted to interpret all those passages you yourself cited” (Bellarmine, 1615, pg 67). Further explaining that not only would people who believe in the Church would start having doubts but also philosophers and theologians. This further drives this message that it is better to accept Copernicanism as a
In 1610 he was one of the first people to use the telescope to observe
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Galileo was probably the greatest astronomer, mathematician and scientist of his time. In fact his work has been very important in many scientific advances even to this day.