2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 ENERGY METERS
2.1.1 INTRODUCTION
An electricity meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electrical energy supplied to a specific consumer. This can be done for three phase or single phase supply. They are used by utility companies to measure billable services. They are usually calibrated in billing units, normally kilowatt hour (kWh). Periodic readings of electric meters establish billing cycles and energy used during a cycle.
2.1.2 ELECTRO-MECHANICAL METERS
Figure 1.1: Electromechanical meter [4]
Prof. a Thomson’s induction-type wattmeter, dubbed the Recording meter, was the precursor to modern electromechanical meters. The electromechanical watt-hour meter evolved over time, and because of sustained competition, the designs were improved to make more efficient, accurate, compact and cheaper versions of the meter.
Fig 1.2: Parts of an electromechanical meter [4]
(1) - Voltage coil - many turns of fine wire encased in plastic, connected in parallel with load.
(2) - Current coil - three turns of thick wire, connected in series with load.
(3) - Stator - concentrates and confines magnetic field.
(4) - Aluminum rotor disc.
(5) - Rotor brake magnets.
(6) - Spindle with worm gear.
(7) - Display dials. [4]
The electromechanical induction meter works by counting the number of revolutions made by an aluminium disc which rotates at a speed proportional to the power consumed. This means that the number of revolutions gives the energy consumed.
The metallic disc is acted upon by two coils which are connected in such a way that the one produces magnetic flux proportional to the voltage (voltage coil) while the other producing magnetic flux proportional to the current (current coil).
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... Inc., 1999.
[2] Steve Heathe, “Embedded Systems Designs”, Newnes, 2003.
[3] Schmidt, M., "Arduino: A Quick Start Guide", Pragmatic Bookshelf, January, 2011.
[4] Vinod Vasant Kamte, “Smart Metering”, Newns, October, 2002.
[5] http://Arduino.cc/en/Main/
[6] Therese Andrésen,“Technical and economical aspects of remote data transmission ways for smart metering”, 2009
[7] STMicroelectronics, “Smart grid distribution and smart meters”, November, 2012.
[8] Kenneth C. Shuey, “Auxiliary power supply for additional functions within a meter”, March, 2009
[9] Rahul Ganesh Sarangle, Uday Pandit Khot, Jayen Modi, “GSM Based Power Meter Reading And Control System”, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) Vol. 2, Issue 4, June-July 2012, pp.664-671.
[10] Kenya Power, “Kenya Power Pre-Paid Meter User Guide”.
[11] Itead Studio, “Icomsat v1.1 Manual”.
Knob and tube wiring was state-of-the-art up until around 1950. The main concerns with this old wiring method is overheating, deteriorating insulation, improper connections, and that it is not a grounded system. K&T wiring was ideal for when it was originally designed to hold modest currents. But nowadays the electrical demands for the average house are considerably greater. Sixty years ago t...
In Greek mythology, Zeus is the Father of Gods and men. He rules Mount Olympus with his remarkable control over lightning. I sought out to harness the same power possessed by Zeus by following in the footsteps of Nikola Tesla, arguably the most influential and underrated scientist and engineer in modern history. One of the inventions he created was a resonate transformer that converts low-frequency energy to high-frequency energy in hopes of one day having wireless energy for all. This sparked my interest in building a Tesla Coil.
the power pack on to Volts. Using my first coil, which has 20 turns, I
moving the magnet past the wire. It will show up better on a meter if
*an electrical device which converts an alternating current into a direct one by allowing a current to flow through it in one direction only.
Within 50 years Elihu Thomson, one of America's most prolific inventors, was granted 696 U.S. patents on inventions anywhere from arc lights, generators, electric welding machines, to x-ray tubes. But out of all of his inventions, it was the recording wattmeter, an instrument used to measure the amount of electricity used by a home or business, that brought fame and opportunity.(RCA Online 1)
Ross, J. P., & Meier, A. (2001). Whole-house measurements of standby power consumption. In Energy Efficiency in Household Appliances and Lighting (pp. 278-285). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
An electromagnet is a magnet that uses an electric current to attract metal, such as wiring a battery to coils on a ferromagnetic material. Electromagnets are also used in many different ways, some you may not know use electromagnets. Electromagnets are used in places like scrapyards to pick up extremely heavy objects such as cars, etc (Jessa 2009). CAT scanners have electromagnets in them to see the things that they need to see. Electr...
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Farnsworth. Responsible for inventions such as the electric light bulb, induction motor, radio, and television. These innovators molded ideas and concepts about electricity to innovate inventions for practical use. Believed to be the first and referred to as the “father of electrical engineering,” William Gilbert developed the vesorium, essentially a metal needle mounted on a base with the ability to spin freely. The vesorium could detect the difference of charged and non-charged particles; it would spin towards charged objects, letting the user know they were carrying some amount of static electricity. Now an unusual tool to find, it was the precursor to the electroscope, a device that is used to detect the magnitude of an electrical
The Electric Franklin. "Benjamin Franklin's Inventions." Ushistory.org. Independence Hall Association, 4 July 1995. Web. 23 May 2014.
An electromagnetic coil is an electrical conductorsuch as a wire in the shape of a coil, spiral or helix. Electromagnetic coils are used in electrical engineering, in applications where electric currents interact with magnetic fields.
Each blow from a Best Rotary Hammer Drill hammer movement is measured in Joules (J). The better the cost of this effect strength, and the better the 'bpm'
... spring, you are causing a twisting motion all the way down the coil. (Longhurst)