Geographic Ontologies The term “Ontology” was employed with different senses in a number a fields; it was originally derived from the philosophy where an ontology is “a systematic account of Existence”. Ontology was initially introduced in Artificial Intelligence field by Gruber [2] as “an explicit specification of a conceptualization”. Uschold et Gruninger [3] give further clarification about the word conceptualization in the above definition “Ontology is the term used to refer to the shared understanding of some domain of interest which may be used as a unifying framework (…). An ontology necessarily entails or embodies some sort of world view with respect to a given domain. The world view is often conceived as a set of concepts (e.g. entities, attributes, and processes), their definitions and their inter-relationships; this is referred to as a conceptualisation. Such a conceptualisation may be implicit, e.g. existing only in someone's head, or embodied in a piece of software. The word `ontology' is sometimes used to refer to this implicit conceptualisation. However, the more standard usage and that which we will adopt is that the ontology is an explicit account or representation of a conceptualisation”. Alberts [4] brings in the notion of taxonomy in ontologies: “An ontology for a body of knowledge concerning a particular task or domain describes a taxonomy of concepts for that task or domain that define the semantic interpretation of the knowledge”. Whereas Guarino [5] introduces the logical theory in ontologies: “An ontology is a logical theory that constrains the intended models of a logical language”, since they must be as formal as possible, a logical formalism is often used to represent ontologies, e.g. descripti... ... middle of paper ... ...ok/Briassoulis/contents.htm. , 1999. [11] M. Wolman, "Criteria for land use," Resources and world development. New York: John Wiley, pp. 643-657, 1987. [12] J. R. Anderson, A land use and land cover classification system for use with remote sensor data vol. 964: US Government Printing Office, 1976. [13] T. Pierce et J. Thie, "Land inventories for land use planning in Canada," Planning Future Land Uses, pp. 57-71, 1981. [14] Y. Heymann, CORINE land cover: Technical guide: European Commission, Directorate-General, Environment, Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection, 1994. [15] C. P. Giri, Remote Sensing of Land Use and Land Cover: Principles and Applications: Taylor & Francis, 2012. [16] A. Di Gregorio et L. J. Jansen, Land cover classification system: LCCS: classification concepts and user manual: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, 2000.
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As the international community focuses on climate change as the great crisis of our era, it is ignoring another looming problem: the global crisis in land use. Seed Magazine
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to use a system or land survey similar to that used in the western part of
...y, J & Common, M 2003, Natural Resource and Environmental Economics, 3rd Edition, Addison-Wesley. Chapter 2, The origins of the sustainability problem.
Firstly, I will outline the article 'On Denoting' giving my own understanding of the theory of descriptions as Russell introduces it. It should be noted that the phrase 'theory of descriptions' is not used in this article, but is coined later in Russell's philosophy.
Looking next to ontology, we will further explore the matters of what is real. Plato and Aristotle both had differing views on ontology. "Plato believed in perfect prototypes, or forms, which were ultimate realities from which the world of objects has been patterned... Gradually, Plato expanded his theory of ideal Forms to include everything we see imperfectly represented in the ordinary course of events" (Mitchell 64). Plato 's philosophy has be referred to as idealism, meaning that the "most real entities are ideas" (Mitchell 65). Aristotle 's views about ontology are different from the ideas of Plato. At first, he was accepting of the theories presented by Plato, but later branched into his own philosophy about the world (Mitchell
Aristotle’s ontology is much like Plato’s in that it is universal. Ontology is the philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existing, or, reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations. This concept is what most people used as a way to categorize different people in society. The hierarchy system is how different people are placed based on their family and how their life styles are. Even today the government categorizes p...
	Plato tried to solve this dilemma of ontology with his theory of the forms. "You have before your mind these two orders of things, the visible and the intelligible,"3 he says, which can be compared to opinion and knowledge respectively. In The Republic he uses a line analogy to explain the connection between what we perceive and what really exists. Dividing a line in four unequal parts gives us the four stages of understanding with a state of being on one side of the line corresponding to a state of understanding on the other side of the line.
unified because reasoning and problem solving may involve several areas simultaneously. A robot circuitrepair syste m, for instance, needs to reason about circuits in terms of electrical connectivity and physical layout, and about time both for circuit timing analysis and estimating labor costs. The sentences describing time therefore must be capable of being combined w ith those describing spatial layout, and must work equally well for nanoseconds and minutes, and for angstroms and meters. After we present the general ontology, we will apply it to write sentences describing the domain of grocery shopping. A brief reverie on the subject of shopping brings to mind a vast array of topics in need of representation: locations, movement, physical objects, shapes, sizes, grasping, releasing, colors, categories of objects, anchovies, amounts of stuff, nutrition, cooking, nonstick frying pans, taste, time, money, direct debit cards, arithmetic, economics, and so on. The domain is more than adequate to exercise our ontology, and leaves plenty of scope for the reader to do some creative knowledge representation of his or her own. 228 Chapter 8. Building a Knowledge Base Our discussion of the
One of the reasons for loss in biodiversity is alteration of habitats. A habitat is the natural environment in which a species of living organism lives. If the habitat of a species is changed, it will cause the species to die or migrate to other places where it can find its natural habitat. There are many ways in which the habitat of plants and animals can be altered. One of them is land use changes. Since the beginning of human life, human beings have been changing land use for farming. Large areas of forests have been cleared by humans to increase the area of farming to satisfy their growing needs. Many biodiversity-rich landscape characteristics have been lost due to intensive farming (Young, Richards, Fischer, Halada, Kull, Kuzniar, Tartes, Uzunov & Watt, 2007). For example, traditional farming was replaced by private farms in Europe after the First World War causing an immense change in land use patterns. Another major proble...