GENETICS OF CANCER

In today’s world there are several cancers, but breast cancer is very prevalent among women and men. This paper is designed to research what breast cancer is, in order to bring awareness through education. How does breast cancer develop? Breast cancer can first develop when proliferation of cells (or division of cells) begins to divide out of control. This can occur because of mutations in genes that regulate the proliferation of our cells.

One out of every eight women will get diagnosed with Breast Cancer this year; therefore, new advanced technology of the treatment of Breast Cancer is the key to life after the disease. There is a lot of information that has to be known about breast cancer in order to do something about the disease such as what breast cancer is, the history and some risk factors.Breast cancer is a malignant (cancerous) tumor that starts from cells of the breast. Breast cancer is found mostly in women, but men can get breast cancer. Being a women and getting older, put women at higher risk of getting diagnosed with breast cancer. As women get older their risk continues.

Two genes linked to breast cancer are BRCA1 and BRCA2. These two genes are tumor suppressor genes and their job is to repair DNA that has been damaged (National Cancer Institute, 2014). BRCA1 and BRCA2 are linked to breast cancer because BRCA1 is found in mostly within breast tissue and when they do not function properly cancer cells are able to form within the breast (Kluger and Park, 2013). The fear of having breast cancer is prevalent for many women. There are a few breast cancer risk factors that cannot be changed for women.

II. Cause Breast Cancer, as well as other forms of cancer, scientists do know how it occurs, but they do not know an exact cause. There are some genes in our body called oncogenes, genes that have potential to cause cancer, that increases the speed of cell division while other genes such as tumor suppressors, cause the cells to die at the correct time. Mutations that occur in the DNA, which “turn on” the oncogenes or “turn off” tumor suppressor genes, will cause some of the cells to be cancerous in the breast("American Cancer Society"). Also, Breast Cancer can be increased by inherited gene mutations and acquired gene mutations.

There has been a long debate in history whether the environment we as people grow up in, or our actual biological conformations have been the major agent in causing disease. One such disease that has been questioned is breast cancer. Breast cancer is mainly due to sporadic mutations and forms of genomic instability. This is owing to the large number of mutations found in the transitions from normal cells to tumor cells. As more information is uncovered, there is the instance that environmental factors may play an even bigger role in the development of breast cancer than previously assumed as it influences the genetic make up of an individual.

Acquired mutations of the TP53 gene code for the p53 protein and they appear in a variety of cancers, such as lung and breast cancer ("Oncogenes, tumor suppressor," 2011). Cells with damaged DNA continue to divide and eventually leading to cancer if the gene for the p53 protein is not properly functioning ("Oncogenes, tumor suppressor," 2011). The risk of having breast cancer increases when there is a family history of breast cancer. For example, a woman who has a sister or mother with breast cancer is more likely to develop the disease herself because the genetic mutation is inherited (Klugar & Park 2013). According to the American Cancer Society, 5% to 10% of all cancers are from hereditary mutations.

These recent studied also shows there is a larger percentage of women getting breast cancer at an earlier age in life. Many researchers and doctors believe this is due to increase industrialization exposure, negative lifestyle choices and thei... ... middle of paper ... ...likely to get breast cancer than all other race. Breast cancer is one of the most terrible types of cancer. The first noticeable indication of breast cancer is typically a lump in the breast. This lump feels different from the rest of the breast tissue.

They also keep multiplying, causing them to metastasize throughout the breast to the persons lymph nodes and sometimes other parts of the body. Sometimes breast cancer occurs in the lobules, but most of the time it starts in the invasive ductal carcinoma. Breast cancer can occur in males and females, but it is more common in females. Cancer.gov states that in 2014 there was an estimate of 232,670 new cases of breast cancer for women and 2,360 men. The estimate deaths were 40,000 for women and 430 for men.

When it comes down to it, it is nearly impossible to tell what caused a certain person to develop Pancreatic Cancer, but there are some important biological factors that can help doctors understand why it was formed. Scientists have conducted population-based studies as to why Pancreatic Cancer forms. These studies have also helped determine risk factors of Pancreatic Cancer and how to prevent them. Pancreatic Cancer is also caused by damage to DNA, which can be inherited from parents or from aging. Smokers double their chances of developing Pancreatic Cancer versus if they did not smoke.

2.3 Previous studies: 2.3.1 Breast cancer: Malignant tumor that starts from breast cells is called breast cancer. Malignant tumor is Collection of cancer cells that can attack the tissues areas of the body or a breast. This disease occurs mostly in women’s but rarely develops in males (american cancer society, 2014). Breast cancer is the one of the most common cancer in women worldwide and Breast self-examination is useful tool to determine the breast cancer of women in all ages. (taylor, 2013).