Fuzzy relations join two non-fuzzy sets likewise vague relations join two non-vague sets in the common set of pairs on condition that each pair has the membership degree assigned. Set theories have also made representa- tive contributions in medical investigations along with different technical domains. The choice of diagnosis should only be made on the basis of clinical symptoms when assuming that the symptoms are typical of all considered diagnosis.
For deciding the appropriate diagnosis in patient three non-vague sets are introduced : the set of symptoms S={S1 , S2, ..., Sn}, the set of diagnoses D={D1, D2 , ..., Dp } and the set of patients P={P1 }.
The symptoms present in non-vague set S are associated with the di- agnoses from non-vague set D. One assumption is taken that information about all symptoms present S is complete in the patient’s case.
First relation is patient-symptom(PS) which includes ordered pairs (P1, S1),
(P1 , S2 ), ..., (P1, Sn). This Vague relation PS can be thought of as a single row matrix with n columns written as :
P S = P1 [μP S (P1, S1)μP S (P1, S2 )...μP S (P1, Sn )],
(5.6)
Here μP S (P1 , Sj ), j = 1, ..., n, is a value of the membership degree provid- ing us with the evaluation of the intensity of symptom Sj in patient P1 .
Next relation symptom-diagnosis (SD) has ordered pairs (S1, D1 ), (S1 , D2 ),
...,(S1, Dp), ..., (Sn , Dp ). This relation can be expressed in the form of n rows and p columns matrix shown below :
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μSD(S1 , D1
) μSD (S1 , D1)
···
μSD (S1, Dp)
μSD(S2 , D1) μSD (S2 , D2)
· · · μSD (S2, Dp)
SD =
(5.7)
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μSD (Sn, D1 ) μSD (Sn, D2 )
· · · μSD(Sn , Dp )
First relation PS can be interpreted as a statement ”p”...
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...itative (measurable) feature is the last type of a biological parame- ter for which a model of defining the membership degrees in the relation PS has been produced. These features take values continuously from a known interval determined by a physician. The measurable symptom Sj can be represented as the vague set Sj with values from the interval containing all possible quantities taken by this feature. We denote this interval by
[VMIN, VMAX] with the notations; VMIN is the minimal value taken by the parameter and, respectively, VMAX is its maximal value. Let us give the symbols VN1, VN2 to the limits of the interval in which there occur numbers characteristic of healthy man. It should be noticed that, outside the interval (VN1, VN2), both the deficiency and the excess of a biolog- ical indicator is a disease sign, most frequently connected with different
diagnoses.
It is also similar to a cause and effect circumstances. “He and [each of] his men shall [also] pay one dinar every year, together with four measures of wheat, four measure of barley,…”
Fuzzy Trace theory functions and serves as a better model for explicating reasoning and decision making. There are five parts of “processing in reasoning and decision making: (a) stored knowledge and values; (b) mental representations of problems or situations; (c) retrieval of knowledge and values; (d) implementation of knowledge and values; and (e) developmental and individual differences in monitoring and inhibiting interference” (Reyna & Brainerd, Dual Processes in Decision Making and Developmental Neuroscience: A Fuzzy-Trace Model, 2011). Stored knowledge implies what has been stored in long-term memory through education and experience. Mental representations incorporate the ways in which people perceive problems to be faced, and these representations consist of verbatim- and gist-based representations.
It’s a “nonlesion” syndrome , exhibit no clinically detectable lesions, although symptoms of pain and burning can be intense. This is particularly frustrating problem for both patient and clinician, because there is usually no clear cut cause and no uniformly successful treatment is present.
On admission, a complete physical assessment was performed along with a blood and metabolic panel. The assessment revealed many positive and negative findings. J.P. was positive for dyspnea and a productive cough. She also was positive for dysuria and hematuria, but negative for flank pain. After close examination of her integumentary and musculoskeletal system, the examiner discovered a shiny firm shin on the right lower extremity with +2 edema complemented by severe pain. A set of baseline vitals were also performed revealing a blood pressure of 124/80, pulse of 87 beats per minute, oxygen saturation of 99%, temperature of 97.3 degrees Fahrenheit, and respiration of 12 breaths per minute. The blood and metabolic panel exposed several abnormal labs. A red blood cell count of 3.99, white blood cell count of 22.5, hemoglobin of 10.9, hematocrit of 33.7%, sodium level of 13, potassium level of 3.1, carbon dioxide level of 10, creatinine level of 3.24, glucose level of 200, and a BUN level of 33 were the abnormal labs.
There are Sn1 and Sn2 substitution reactions. Sn1 reactions are unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reactions that are of the first order, whereas Sn2 reactions are bimolecular nucleophilic substitution of the second order.1 Molecules that contribute to a substitution reaction are called an ‘electrophile’ which contains the ‘leaving group’ which is the substituted group. It also contains a
Federman DG, Chanko EH. Differential Diagnosis in Internal Medicine: From Symptom to Diagnosis. JAMA.2007;298(17):2070-2075. doi:10.1001/jama.298.17.2072.
it is a result of a vigorous study of each of the components of the equation of
This was his second episode since 10 days ago where he develop the same pain at his right flank. He suddenly experienced severe pain 8 hours before admission when the pain shifts to his right lower quadrant of his abdomen. The onset is at 6.30 am before worsening at 10 p.m to 2 p.m. He described the pain as continuous sharp pain and gradually increased in severity. There is no radiation of the pain. The pain was exaggerated on movement and touch. There were no relieving factor and he scale the severity as 7/10. He experienced fever for 1 day prior to admission. It was a mild grade continuous fever. He does not experienced chills and rigor. The patient does not experience any nausea or vomiting, no dysphagia, no pain during micturition and no alteration in bowel habit. He experienced loss of appetite but not notice any weight loss.
Medical and medication errors and adverse events are well known issues in the health care industry, regardless of country. Errors are either the correct implementation of the wrong procedure or the wrong implementation of the correct procedure (IOM, 1999 pp23-25). Adverse events are considered unintended injuries and/or harm that are caused to the patient but not necessarily due to human error. This proposal will present a technical solution, using case based reasoning, to help prevent the occurrence of errors, thus reduce adverse events, and to make suggestions to the line staff as to what to do when such an event or error happens.
are said to be in the same ratio, the first to the second and the third to the
The patient has high temperature-sign of fever, a very fast pulse rate (tachycardia), and chest wheezing when listened to using a stethoscope (Harries, Maher, & Graham, 2004, p.
According to the model in this section a statement of the function of the source
The remainder of the paper is organized as follows – first an overview of the relations
This formation is sometimes more explicitly known as m by n matrix, and written as m*n matrix.