Fusion reactions are inhibited by the electrical repulsive force that acts between two positively charged nuclei. For fusion to occur, the two nuclei must approach each other at high speed to overcome the electrical repulsion and attain a sufficiently small separation (less than one-trillionth of a centimeter) that the short-range strong nuclear force dominates. For the production of useful amounts of energy, a large number of nuclei must under go fusion: that is to say, a gas of fusing nuclei must be produced. In a gas at extremely high temperature, the average nucleus contains sufficient kinetic energy to undergo fusion. Such a medium can be produced by heating an ordinary gas of neutral atoms beyond the temperature at which electrons are knocked out of the atoms. The result is an ionized gas consisting of free negative electrons and positive nuclei. This gas constitutes a plasma.
Plasma, in physics, is an electrically conducting medium in which there are roughly equal numbers of positively and negatively charged particles, produced when the atoms in a gas become ionized. It is sometimes referred to as the fourth state of matter, distinct from the solid, liquid, and gaseous states. When energy is continuously applied to a solid, it first melts, then it vaporizes, and finally electrons are removed from some of the neutral gas atoms and molecules to yield a mixture of positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons, while overall neutral charge density is maintained. When a significant portion of the gas has been ionized, its properties will be altered so substantially that little resemblance to solids, liquids, and gases remains. A plasma is unique in the way in which it interacts with itself with electric and magnetic fields, and with its environment. A plasma can be thought of as a collection of ions, electrons, neutral atoms and molecules, an photons in which some atoms are being ionized simultaneously with other electrons recombining with ions to form neutral particles, while photons are continuously being produced and absorbed.
Scientists have estimated that more than 99 percent of the matter in the universe exists in the plasma state. All of the observed stars, including the Sun, consist of plasma, as do interstellar and interplanetary media and the outer atmospheres of the planets. Although most terrestrial matter exists in a solid, liquid or gaseous state, plasma is found in lightning bolts and auroras, in gaseous discharge lamps (neon lights), and in the crystal structure of metallic solids.
In her essay, “The Fourth State of Matter”, Jo Ann Beard ruminates over the idea of plasma as a state of matter while dealing with the disintegration of her marriage, the death of her dog, and the violent deaths of her friend and colleagues. The tone, dialogue, and reflections in her essay mirror the detached bewilderment Beard feels while trying to make sense of the loss around her.
Plasma can be defined as a substance similar to a gas with almost zero electric charge.
Introduction Fusion centers are easily described by their names. They are a collaboration between several different agencies that combine to form one united Criminal Justice front against terrorism. All agencies, such as the FBI, Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and local police, work together to analyze and gather potential information on threats and possible terrorist attacks against the United States. They also serve as a sort of hub to pass out information needed to other agencies. The creation of Fusion Centers helps make local law enforcement more capable in responding to and fighting terror threats.
For years scientists had known that if an electric current was passed through a vacuum tube, a stream of glowing material could be seen, however no one could explain why. Thomson found that the mysterious glowing stream would bend toward a positively charged electric plate. Thomson had the idea, and was later proven correct that the stream was in fact made up of small particles, pieces of atoms
There are four different types of states of matter, this states are caused by the change of temperature. When temperature increases an object can go to the process solid to liquid, liquid to gas, or the object can become hot. When the particles get to the gas state, the particles start to spread out and move freely. When they are in the liquid state, the particles are tightly packed, but they are far apart to move one another. When an object goes from solid to liquid, the particles start to get apart from each other. For example, an ice goes to the process solid to liquid when is left in high temperatures. The ice starts to melt and it transforms into a liquid. When an object goes from liquid to gas the particles are spread. For example, when
The atom is made up of mostly empty space, but it still has many parts (Doc. 2). At the center is a positively charged ball of mass called the nucleus. Inside the nucleus are protons and neutrons. Protons are positively charged particles, and neutrons are particles with no charge (Doc. 3). The nucleus is surrounded by a cloud full of electrons (Doc. 3). Electrons are negatively charged particles (Doc. 3). They move around the nucleus in discrete regions called energy levels (OI). Protons and neutrons can be broken down into quarks
Where is the electron plasma frequency, is the ion plasma frequency. Plasma is considered as an electron clouds having the background of heavy ion and collisions are nearly neglected according to the drude model. That’s why dielectric constant of electron can be ...
Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and can be perceived by one or more senses; a physical body, a physical substance, or the universe as a whole. There are four distinct states of matter: solids, liquids, gases, and plasma. There are other states of matter such as Bose-Einstein condesates and neutron degenerate matter, but those states can only be found under extreme conditions.
"The proportion of teenage girls becoming pregnant is increasing, the proportion of total births which are being born to women ages 15-19 is increasing, and the proportion of out-of-wedlock births is increasing." (Wenken, 1972) Since teen pregnancy is increasing, so is the age variety. In most common cases teens are becoming pregnant at sixteen or younger. They are also all in school and unwedded. "About 88% of all childbearing
of a gas, liquid, or other substance-are excited so that more of them are at
Adolescent pregnancy refers to pregnancies occurring in those under the age of nineteen. There are two types of pregnancies they are unintended and intended. An intended pregnancy is one that is desired when the woman finds out that she is pregnant (Guttmacher Institute, 2015). Unintended pregnancy refers to mistimed or unwanted pregnancy for example, mistimed pregnancy occurs in 31% of pregnancies, whereas unwanted meaning that they do not want to be pregnant presently or in the future, for example, unwanted pregnancy occurs 20% in pregnancies (Guttmacher Institute, 2015). Statistics of teen pregnancy across the board include rate of pregnancy was 71.5 per 1,000 women between the ages of 15 and 19, the birthrate was 41.9 births per 1,000,
The unique ability social media has of bringing particular issues to light is astounding. For example, twitter hashtag campaigns are things most of just shrug off, but they do in fact have in recent years have led to change. The biggest and most well-known one is 2014’s #IceBucketChallenge which just seemed as fun challenge to do and challenge your friends to do the same while at the same time donating some money for a good cause. At first it seemed silly but a year later and that silly challenge from last summer has led to a breakthrough in the fight against ALS, which could lead to a cure. This is just one of many new ways social media was used to make a change throughout the world. “Social Media has now become one of the most powerful tools of democracy of our disposal”
There are many reasons that teenagers become pregnant. Some of them want to have babies... but the fact of the matter is that 80% of teen pregnancies are unintentional (teenhelp.com). And in majority of those cases, it is from lack of knowledge in birth control, or even the general reality of what sex is. While some may state that it should be the parent 's job to educate their children about
Nuclear energy is generated by a process called fission. Fission occurs within the reactor of a nuclear power plant when a neutron is fired at an atom of uranium causing it to split and release subsequent neutrons.1 These are able to crash into other uranium atoms causing a chain reaction and releasing a great deal of heat energy.
Teen pregnancy is a global issue affecting teens under the age of 18. Teen pregnancy is a huge problem but the after affects can be catastrophic. Besides the reasons like premature death and many more health issues, teen pregnancy affects more than just the family of the teen. One major thing that teen pregnancy does is lead to over population. Over population means the condition of having a dense number of people compared to the amount of resources. Over population is ruining our environment and unless we stop it, it will eventually kill out all humans. The environment is the most important thing to us. It keeps us healthy, safe and overall alive. We need to control the amount of teenage pregnancies to help keep to environment healthy and habitable.