Function: of DNA polymerase
DNA polymerase is a very important enzyme when it comes to DNA replication. DNA polymerase, more specifically, is involved in the process of reading and adding nucleotides to the DNA strand so a complimentary stand can be made. During the DNA replication process DNA polymerase puts new nucleotides on the 3’ end of the DNA Strand. Not only does DNA polymerase add nucleotides to a DNA strand it can also act somewhat as a “proof reader”. It can pause the replication process to fix mistakes that can occur during DNA replication. Once the sequencing mistake is identified DNA polymerase can get rid of the nucleotides and continue on with the replication process. DNA polymerase functions in many different processes in living organisms since it is a key component of DNA replication (Reece, Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky & Jackson, 2011).
In a study about the B subunit of the DNA polymerase alpha-primase complex in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The researchers are trying to identify the function of a particular part of the DNA polymerase called the B-subunit. DNA polymerase is actually made up of four different subunits. Alpha primase is made up of four subunits and is responsible for starting the DNA replicating and the elongation of the DNA strand with Okazaki fragments. In the study they tried to test the pol 12 gene to get an insight in how the B-subunit functions. They took the Pol12 and made 18 different alleles with different mutations. The purpose was to find what would be realistic and nonrealistic combinations that would feasible for a cell to thrive. They found that the POL12-T9 allele showed that the B- subunit is needed for creating DNA and it helps with the correct movement through the S phase ...
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Distinct characteristics are not only an end result of the DNA sequence but also of the cell’s internal system of expression orchestrated by different proteins and RNAs present at a given time. DNA encodes for many possible characteristics, but different types of RNA aided by specialized proteins sometimes with external signals express the needed genes. Control of gene expression is of vital importance for an eukaryote’s survival such as the ability of switching genes on/off in accordance with the
up of cells that contain DNA. Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA is the genetic material of living things that can be found in the nucleus of the cells (Alcamo, 1996). It contains the genes and the genetic codes that contain the information that are essential for life’s functions which are passed from generations to generations. DNA composes of two polynucleotide chains twisted around each other in the form of a double helix. According to Alcamo (1996), each strand of the DNA double helix can act as a
bacterial cell envelope and the primary function of each. The innermost layer of the bacteria cell envelope is the cell membrane. It is a typical phospholipid bilayer, as is found in animal cells. The primary function of the cell membrane is energy production and active transport. The next layer is the cell wall. It is made of N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl muramic acid. Amino acids keep the cell wall together by forming cross-bridges. The primary function of the cell wall is to protect the bacteria
how it is based on heritable information in the form of DNA and its transmission from one generation to another. Life's continuity is based on the unremitting passage of inherited information that takes the form of DNA. This essay extensively examines the fundamental processes that allow for the transmission of DNA and thus life. It initially identifies how information essential for life is stored in DNA and then explains the processes of DNA replication, Mitosis and Meiosis. It goes on to discuss
expression patterns and thus by their mRNA pools. Currently, the most important technique for the accurate quantitation of gene expression is the fluorescent quantitative real-time RT-PCR (Muller et al., 2002a). Reverse transcription (RT) followed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the technique of choice to analyze mRNA expression derived from various sources. Real-time RT-PCR is highly sensitive and allows quantification of rare transcripts and small changes in gene expression. It is easy to perform
1. Introduction: DNA Computing is a Bio-molecular Computation (BMC) which makes use of biological methods for performing massively parallel computation. This can be a lot quicker than a conventional Silicon Chip computer, for which large quantities of hardware needed for performing parallel computation. These DNA computers [] don’t just make use of massively parallel computation, but also uses ultra-compact information storage in which large amount of information that can be stashed in a more compact
Describe the Nature, Structure, and Function of Domains in Proteins Domains "Within a single subunit [polypeptide chain], contiguous portions of the polypeptide chain frequently fold into compact, local semi-independent units called domains." - Richardson, 1981 In the hierarchial organisation of proteins, domains are found at the highest level of tertiary structure. Since the term was first used by Wetlaufer (1973) a number of definitions exist reflecting author bias, however all of the definitions
Native proteins generally function in a fully folded tertiary structure conformation in biological cells. In contrast, some native proteins have regions which are not properly structured also called as low-complexity domains (LC). For instance, RNA-binding FET family proteins, which include: Fused in sarcoma (FUS), Ewing’s sarcoma (EWS), and TATA-binding protein-associated factor (TAF15) have regions containing low complexity domains characterized by the abundance of only four amino acids; G, S,
DNA replications History of the topic DNA replication is the reproducing two identical “daughter” helices from one “parental” helix of DNA that is used as the template. Each of the newly synthesized strands of DNA is made by the addition of a nucleotide that is complementary to the parent strand. But what is the importance of DNA replication? If DNA did not replicate, the size of the genome would slowly halve until each cell died during meiosis and mitosis. Hence, due to the splitting of cells during
proteins (Freeman). DNA and RNA are involved in the genetic up keep of the hereditary information. The hereditary information is then expressed by involving two kinds of products, which include transcription and translation of the genetic coding of DNA or RNA. DNA and RNA are the genetic information that organisms with hold. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains four nucleotides, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen bases carrying genetic information of the cell. The strands of DNA, one end having
The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA and is transferred from one generation to another. According to ‘The Free Dictionary by Farlex’ the definition of heredity is: “1. (Biology) the transmission from one generation to another of genetic factors that determine individual characteristics: responsible for the resemblances between parents and offspring.” The continuity of life is based on this fact and will be discussed in this essay. This is tied very close to
1.5 DNA repair mechanism DNA double strand breaks (DBSs) and single-strand breaks (SSBs) occur every day in cells and they are mostly caused by ionizing radiation, ultraviolet light, reactive oxygen species, errors during DNA replication, enzymes during meiosis. The repair of these DSBs and SSBs is essential to maintain genomic fidelity and stability. In order to combat DBSs and SSBs, cells have developed multiple distinct DNA repair mechanisms which detect damaged DNA, signal its presence and promote
acid (DNA). The structure of the DNA molecule provides a solution for the replication of the existing DNA molecule and furthermore the transmission of heritable information to the next generation. The scope of this essay will discuss how the molecular structure of DNA allows for DNA to replicate and transmit heritable information from one generation to the next. In 1958 Frank Stahl and Matthew Meselson discovered the complementary base pairing between DNA strands and that the process of DNA replication
DNA is the basic substance in the life forms you see around you, yet it is a complicated concept. Your DNA determines the color of your eyes, skin, hair and enable functions such as your sight and hearing. DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid which contains the biological aspects that make everyone individually different. DNA is all contained in one molecule, and there are millions of tightly packaged DNA cells all throughout many life forms making it the building block of the DNA. In the late 1860’s
response to stress, and operate dually as hormones and neurotransmitters within the body. Commonly, catecholamines mediate functions within the central nervous system, including those of emotional responses and motor control. Inclusive of dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine, the secretion and metabolism of these chemicals is thought to impact upon various mental functions and behaviours. The Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene is a specialised type of enzyme, which is involved in the degradative