Frontal Lobe Syndrome

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Frontal Lobe Syndrome

Although volumetrically the frontal lobes are the largest portion of the

brain their function remains somewhat elusive (Jacobs, 2005). Even

neuropsychologists have a difficult time creating test that accurately

test frontal lobe functioning. We do know however, that the frontal

lobes are involved in the storage of memories, concentration, abstract

thought, judgment, and self control.

The frontal lobe lies directly behind our forehead (NINDS, 2005) It

contains the primary motor cortex and the prefrontal cortex, which

extend from the central sulcus to the anterior of the brain. The

posterior part of the frontal lobe is the precentral gyrus which is

specialized in the control of fine movements. The very most anterior

portion of the frontal lobe is the prefrontal cortex. The neurons in

this area have up to sixteen times as many dendritic spines as neurons

in the occipital lobe or primary visual cortex. As a result, the

prefrontal cortex is able to integrate a great deal of information

(Kalat, 2004). For most people the left frontal lobe controls language

and the right non-verbal abilities (UNL, 2005).On the left frontal lobe

is an area called Broca’s area which allows thoughts to be transformed

into words. In addition, there are many connections from the frontal

lobe to other parts of the brain that control vision, respiration, blood

pressure and gastrointestinal activity (NBTF, 2005).

Damage to the frontal lobe results a range of behaviors referred to

collectively as ‘frontal lobe syndrome.’ There are numerous ways of

damaging the frontal cortex including lesions, tumors, and strokes.

Lesions damage the frontal cortex when a blow to the head or a sudden

change of motion causes the boney structure underneath the frontal lobes

to tear the axons (as is the case with prefrontal lobotomy or

leucotomy). A stroke can result in ventral and medial frontal lobe

damage. Tumors can damage the frontal lobe by being located on one of

the lobes, or by causing pressure on the frontal lobe, as is the case

with meningioma, subdural hematoma or similarly meningitis (UNL, 2005).

Frontal lobe syndrome results in the impairment of language, motor

functions, social behavior, abstract reasoning, and cognition.

Furthermore, there is often a change in personality (UNL, 2005).

Although language remains fluent and in proper syntax, the overall

amount of talking decreases. Patients have difficulty maintaining

conversations and some even become mute. Motor functions are often

uncoordinated and patients often have difficulty constructing three

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