Theorist: Theory: Background Stages: Freud Psychoanalytical Model of Personality Development Freud believed that our stages of development are characterized by erogenous zones. The parts involved are the mouth, anus, and genitals. Freud believed that the way we resolve these sexual pleasures determine our adult personality (Potter, Perry, & Hall, 2017). Oral (0-1 years): Mouth is the zone of pleasure, this is where suckling or putting things in mouth are pleasurable. Anal (1-3 years): This is the toilet training phase where children become fascinated with their excrements. Phallic (3-6 years): Boys and girls become aware of their genitalia which in turn causes them to have sexual desires for their parent of the opposite sex. For a boy, their …show more content…
He believed that we must resolve two conflicting ideas, as we grow, to be successful adults (Potter, Perry, & Hall, 2017). Trust vs Mistrust (0-1 year): At this stage infants learn that they can trust their parents because they are dependent on them for survival. If their needs are met the baby develops a “trustful” view of the world as opposed to mistrust or unpredictability. Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt(1-3years): At this stage, a child has become more self-aware and are learning social constraints. Children begin to voice some of their preferences which leads to some independence. If their choice making results in negative feedback they can develop feelings of shame and self-doubt. Initiative vs Guilt (3-6 years): At his stage children are using their imagination to explore and interact with their surroundings. Children begin to develop a sense of control over their surroundings. If a child is given limitations too severe, they can develop feelings of guilt. Industry vs Inferiority (6-11years): At this stage children begin to compare themselves with other children in order to determine worth. At this stage children thrive on a sense of accomplishment and develop a sense of …show more content…
They are able to use deductive reasoning and develop hypothetical ideas to problem solve (Seifert, 2013). Kohlberg Moral Development Kohlberg focused on child development but more emphasize was on how moral reasoning is developed. It is based on how we interact with others (Potter, Perry, & Hall, 2017). Level I: Preconventional Reasoning- Children start out by only having morals set out by our authority figures. Children are not yet able to process right and wrong, but rather focus more on the consequences certain action might result in. Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation - Person’s moral dilemma is obedience vs punishment. Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation – Children’s moral dilemma is individual interest vs needs of others Level II: Conventional Reasoning – Moral reasoning is based on societal relationships, if a person has a positive relationship then they will feel more inclined to accept authority. Stage 3: Good boy/Nice girl Orientation – Moral reasoning is individual approval Stage 4: Society-Maintaining orientation – Moral reasoning is to maintain order by following the laws set by
guilt (3-5 yrs.), adults are seen as examples in regards to how a child should engage in society (Stevens, 1983, p. 47). As children learn that they can do things like adults it is essential that parents reassure their children through positive "support"; if the child does not receive positive support in activities of choice, guilt may form as a result (Table 9.1. Comparison of Freudian and Eriksonian Stages of Development, 2014, p. 1). Children in this stage also begin to ask for what they want, this helps children in their ability to make decisions later on in life. If the child learns to take initiative, a sense of purpose will form in the child (Erikson, 1964, p.
In each stage, there is a crisis of two opposing emotional forces (McLeod, 2013). From birth to age one is Erikson’s stage of trust vs. mistrust. If taken care of well and protected, a child will achieve a healthy balance of trust and mistrust. Even though Precious’s physical abuse did not start until she was three, there is a high chance that her living environment was not surrounded by safety and love. Precious may have developed mistrust because later on in her life she because suspicious of others and was not able to connect because of an overwhelming sense of fear and inability to trust.
At this stage it occurs in the first year after birth, the child will begin to question whether the world is a safe place for them or unpredictable. Babies
Morality, which is one’s general standards about right and wrong behavior, also includes prosocial behavior and other traits such as honesty, fairness, and concern about other people’s rights and welfare (Omrod, 2014). Both morality and prosocial behavior involve multiple parts of the brain, emotions and complex reasoning abilities. Some age-typical characteristics for preschool aged children include, some understanding that behaviors causing physical or psychological harm are morally wrong, a sense of guilt and shame about misbehaviors that cause harm to others, also display empathy and sympathy, and children at this age also show an appreciation for the need to be fair.
This stage happens at the ages of 4-5. Erickson believed that at this stage children has found out who they will be in life. This is supposed to be when the child gets an idea of responsibility. If a child believes irresponsible and anxious then they will feel guilty. The child’s eagerness increases when they feel responsible. He believed that most guilt is made up when they get a sense of accomplishment.
The first stage is infancy and it covers the first year of life. The issue in this stage is trust versus mistrust. This is a stage where an infant is completely dependent on their caregiver. Trust is built by the actions of the caregiver taking care of the child by feeding, bathing, changing diapers, showing affection, etc. If a child is not well taken care of then that child will not learn to trust others. New parents struggle with this stage a lot because of the loss of freedom and the diversion of some attention from spouse to newborn child. It is known as the oral-sensory stage because infants use their mouth to explore their new world. Parents must meet the
end product of moral reasoning is a particular behavior, and as a person learns or completes a
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt is Erikson's second stage of development occurs between the first and third years in life. During this stage children learn to be independent by mastering tasks such as feeding a dressing themselves. If children do not develop autonomy during this stage they will doubt their ability and develop a sense of shame. I lived in one foster home from the time I was one and a half to the time my parents adopted me at age three. I believe that I developed during this stage just as well if not better than children who are biological or who are adopte...
At the pre-conventional level, behavior is motivated by anticipation of pleasure or pain. The child is aware of cultural rules and labels of good or bad and right or wrong. (1) The subject interprets the labels in terms of the physical consequence, such as punishment or reward. (3) The child has an extreme self-interest. The first level of moral thinking is generally found at the elementary school level, before the age of 9. This level is divided into the following two stages. (2)
When children are in the initiative versus guilt stage, they “begin to assert their power and control over the world through direct play and other social interaction.”
Erikson’s first stage was trust verses mistrust and it occurred from zero to 18 months of age. The point of this stage is to establish trust. Erikson believed this was the most important period in a person’s life. Since a baby depends entirely on his/her parents, the care giving plays an important role in the shaping of this stage (Cherry, 2011). If the child successfully develops trust then the child will feel safe and secure in the world, but the lack can lead to thoughts of an inconsistent and unpredictable world (Cherry, 2011). In the business world, the lack of trust can create a whole new problem. The lack of trust can lead to the “…unseen cost in life and business…” as said by Stephen Covey (2006). Lack of trust creates “…hidden agendas and a guarded communication, which slows the decision-making process” (Covey, 2006). When there isn’t trust in a situation, it hinders productivity, innovation (Covey, 2006).
During this stage focus on the development when one starts to show interest in their sexual body parts, gender identity, the first interest in the opposite sex. Freud states that children during this stage often struggle with desires toward their parents of the opposite sex. During this stage children develop a curiosity towards their genitals and my also learn that the there is a difference in size among each individual. Freud developed the term Oedipus and Electra complex, which described the difference in the phallic stage between male and females. Oedipus, which refers to the story of how a man killed his father unknowingly and eventually marrying his own mother that he was also unaware of. Freud states that during the phallic stage boys fall in love with their mothers, they view their mothers as love objects. Though Freud emphasizes that boys saw mothers as love object he had a different opinion of girls and fathers. He referred to the Electra complex as girl seeking for their father’s attentions and openly seeks their father’s approval. I would say Freud might be the cause of the terms mamma’s boy and daddy’s girl. The oral, anal and phallic stage plays major parts of development especially in the development of trust, gender identity, positive and negative emotions. Freud stresses that during this stage it’s important for parents to respond positively to children during this time where sexuality will be
Stage one of Erikson’s psychosocial theory is called “Basic Trust versus Basic Mistrust.” This stage ranges from birth to eighteen months of age. According to Erikson, during this stage my parents were the main variable from which I learned to trust. They provided me love, care, and nourishment so that I could learn to trust them. In my particular case, being as though I am adopted, it was probably a little harder at first for me to trust my parents. Even though my parents constantly babysat me before they became my foster parents at three month of age, I can only imagine how much harder it was for them to create a trusting bond with me in the beginning.
I made a question regarding each stage as it applied to the child’s age. As a result of the interviews with the two different families, I concluded that their responses supported Erikson’s developmental stages. I started with Erikson’s first stage of development “ Trust vs. Mistrust (infants 0 to 1 year old)”. This is the stage were infants ask the question: Is the world a trustworthy place? During this stage, infants learn to know on whom they can rely on and based on the responses of these two families, their child most likely learned trust because the parents seem to know how to meet their child’s needs. Followed by the second stage “Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (Toddlers 2 to 3 years)”. In this stage children learn to become independent, they do things on their own rather than relaying on someone else. For the most part the two children of these particular families developed autonomy. Parents said they were patients about their child’s development, but parent 1 noted that she did push her child a little if she knew her child was could do more sooner. Regarding the third stage “Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool, 3 to 6 years)” the children of these two families most likely to experience guilt after initiating something they knew if was not necessarily good for them. Parents from both families demonstrated to have a demanding reaction towards their child in these situations. The fourth stage “Industry (competence) vs. Inferiority” only applied to one the first family. The child of this family showed more signs of industry. Because of her mother’s reaction towards her actions, it was probably easier for the child to answer the main question in this stage: How can I be good? For example, the mother rewarded her child when got a good grade in school, this reaction will most likely let the child to develop competence and start to be doing things that make her
The first stage, which happens between birth and 18 months, is trust vs. mistrust. During this stage, an infant is confused about the world being a safe place and wonders if his or her needs will be met. As a result, the infant looks to the primary caretaker for consistent care and hope that his or her needs can be met. Erikson explains that those that receive constant care during this stage will develop a sense of trust. The basic virtue in this stage is hope. The second stage of this theory is autonomy vs. shame and doubt, which happens between 18 months and 3 years. During this stage, there is an increase in mobility and independence. Erikson explains that it is critical to allow the child to explore their limits and allow failure. The basic virtue in this stage is will. Initiative vs. Guilt that happens between 3 and 5 years is the stage that follows. During this stage, children take more initiative to engage with peers. Erikson explains that during this stage if children are given the opportunity to take initiative, they will develop a sense of security in their ability to lead. The basic virtue in this stage is purpose. Industry vs. Inferiority, which happens between 5 and 12 years, emphasizes school and friendships. Erikson believes that during this stage, children will seek approval from others by displaying skills that are valued by others. Additionally, he believes that if