The French Socialist Party (PS) was established by the conversion of the Section francaise de l’internationale ouvriere (SFIO) in to the PS in 1969. However it wasn’t until 1971 at the Epinay-sur-seine conference, when Francois Mitterrand emerged as leader that it began its transformation into France’s leading political party. In order to understand the transition that took place within the socialist ranks in the 1980’s in France it is necessary to have an idea of the history of the left (RBB, 2000). During the Fourth Republic the Socialists (SFIO) adopted an anti communist stance, due to the influence of the Cold War ethos. It was also deeply involved in the coalition governments of the time often involved in policy and decision making of things that did not tow the party line. For example the SFIO were during the miners’ strike in 1948 it was the socialist interior minister, Jules Moch, who sent in troops against striking miners which resulted in at least two deaths (Forbes an Hewlett, 1998, p.17). During the 1960’s the political parties of the left were sorely divided which hit them hard during the elections as low support showed.
The problem the left had was the dominant position that the communist party (PCF) had always held, this made it difficult to create a large socialist government. It was in the 1970’s that the PS started to make concerted efforts to end this period of dominance. The PS proceeded to ally with the communists rather than fight against them, The agreement they came to was called the Common Program and came into place in 1972. This move was a deliberate one by the PS and it resulted in growth and consolidation of the PS at the expense of the PCF. The co-operation was simply a means to an end for the PS. This end was to create a socialist not communist dominance of the left.
The 1974 presidential election was a close run affair. With Pompidou’s death the right had been left without an agreed candidate, the economy was deteriorating with inflation at 17%, and unemployment was rising (Gildea, 1997, 97-98). The left on the other hand was united behind Mitterrand, his control over the PS ensuring that factions were quiet. Plus Communist (PCF) support was guaranteed with the Common Program. By the time campaigning started Mitterrand was able to consider himself to be bound by no agreements and campaign on his own platform of moderate reform.
The anti-rightist campaign started in 1957 and was a response to the Hundred Flowers Campaign in which the party had encouraged constructive criticism as a way to improve and allow for a better and more balanced government. As a result of the campaign people began to express themselves and provide ideas for improvement of the government. However, many also voiced dissatisfaction and criticized the leaders. As the movement escalated the government became apprehensive of the criticism and the political wind shifted. Like Yang says “Later, However the political wind shifted and those who did what the party had told them became class enemies. Their criticism was turned into evidence against them, ‘evil attacks on the ...
French Foreign Policy and the Coming of War During this critical time not much attention was turned to France, as the entire spotlight was on Chamberlain’s policy of appeasement and Hitler’s aims. The Orthodox view of France was described as of a deeply divided and politically unstable country, which was obsessed with security and defense. France was definitely not ready for war, and therefore eagerly agreed to the policy of appeasement. It preferred negotiating with Germany at this stage rather than fighting it.
When one is confronted with a problem, we find a solution easily, but when a society is confronted with a problem, the solution tends to prolong itself. One major issue that is often discussed in today’s society that has been here for as long as we’ve known it, is racism. Racism is also a very repetitive theme in Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon. Almost every character has experienced racism whether it be towards them or they are the ones giving the racism in this novel. Racism is a very controversial topic as many have different perspectives of it. In Toni’s novel, three characters that have very distinct perspectives on racism are Macon Dead, Guitar, and Dr. Foster. These characters play vital roles throughout the novel.
It is said that immigrants come to this country for a better life, then that is what they should try to do for themselves. In most cases they just end up working low-paying, dead end jobs. If you come to america for a better life then you should put forth the effort to better yourself rather than just barely scraping by. Most immigrants tend to work the manual labor jobs that do not require a lot of other human interaction. “ While U.S. government mounds its huge effort to stop people from entering the country illegally, many American employers continually show their eagerness to give them jobs.” (Crest 72) Many immigrants use government assistance such as welfare and food stamps. Immigrants using government assistance tends to anger people because they feel like illegals are using the taxes that they pay to live their life while not paying taxes on their own. Trump suggests building a wall but I do not believe that will work very well at warding off the influx of immigrants, they will find other ways of entering our great country. Some argue that immigrants do the jobs that most Americans would not want to do themselves, at a much lower pay rate. Often illegals are paid under the minimum wage because employers do not have to register them as employees. Many illegals are often seen working in the construction business, gardening, roofing, concrete work, house cleaning, etc. This is because most of those are hard work or thought of as blue collar work that often does not pay enough to support a family. This being, they often have to work more than the average native born
French Pre-Revolutionary Government The ancien regime was an expression used to describe the system of government, laws and institutions which preceded the French Revolution of 1789. The system relied heavily on the 'seigneurial system', based largely on the medieval feudal system by which the monarch had absolute power, most of the clergy (first estate) and the nobility (second estate) were very wealthy, and the peasants (third estate) were oppressed by heavy taxation and made to work as virtual slaves for their landlords. It was this system which was an important contributing factor to the resentment which developed between the poor, who made up three quarters of France's population at the time, and the nobles, and eventually led to the uprising of the lower classes and revolution in 1789. The ancient regime was an outdated system which ignored the demands of social and economic progress in favour of keeping the third estate in check and attempting to ensure that France was a dominant power in Europe. In most European countries the system of feudalism had died out in the Middle Ages.
of course). The end of the Franco regime left many scars in the social and
The French Revolution evokes many different emotions and controversial issues in that some believe it was worth the cost and some don't. There is no doubt that the French Revolution did have major significance in history. Not only did the French gain their independence, but an industrial revolution also took place. One of the main issues of the Revolution was it's human costs. Two writers, the first, Peter Kropotkin who was a Russian prince, and the other Simon Schama, a history professor, both had very opposing views on whether the wars fought by France during the Revolution were worth it's human costs. Krapotkin believed that the French Revolution was the main turning point for not only France but for most other countries as well. On the other hand, Schama viewed the French Revolution as unproductive and excessively violent.
When one is confronted with a problem, we find a solution easily, but when a society is confronted with a problem, the solution tends to prolong itself. One major issue that is often discussed in today’s society that has been here for as long as we’ve known it, is racism. Racism is also a very repetitive theme in Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon. Almost every character has experienced racism whether it be towards them or they are the ones giving the racism in this novel. Racism is a very controversial topic as many have different perspectives of it. In Toni’s novel, three characters that have very distinct perspectives on racism are Macon Dead, Guitar, and Dr. Foster. These characters play vital roles throughout the novel.
Identity theft refers to unlawful activities which specifically compromise another person’s identity. According to the US Department of Justice (DOJ), identity theft is an activity “in which someone wrongfully obtains and uses another person’s personal data in some way that involves fraud or deception, typically for economic gain.” Such personal data can include names, Social Security numbers, birthdates, bank accounts, credit card numbers, or medical records. Identity theft can also be part of or enable other types of crimes such as bank, credit card, document, employment, or immigration fraud; robbery; and burglary, for example (Finklea, 2010, p. 2). Identity theft exists on a continuum with simple unauthorized credit card charges on one end all the way to having one’s identity completely assumed by another.
Lutie took the civil service exam and was still only able to get a lower level government job. Colored people have been “shining shoes and washing clothes and scrubbing floors for years and years…the hard work. The dirty work. The work that pays the least.” (70). This is the kind of work Lutie is trying to get Bud to avoid. Lutie is use to it though, because she has no other option, but she wants more for her son. When Lutie applies for different jobs there is always an alter motif involved. For example when she auditions to become a singer for Mr. Crosse he says she has to go through six weeks of training that will cost her $125, which is money Lutie doesn’t have. Boots presents Lutie with the opportunity to sing, but like every other opportunity it falls through. When Bud asked why white people want colored people shining shoes Lutie couldn’t come up with an explanation. She figured that it must be “hate that made them wrap up all Negroes in a neat package labeled ‘colored’; a package that called for certain kinds of jobs and a special kind of treatment”(71) that limits their overall experiences as
Illegal immigration has been a big problem in the United States and the number of immigrants keeps on increasing. Many Americans have mixed feelings on this debatable issue. Some think that Illegal Immigration benefits the economy while many others believe that they are more of a burden than a help. According to the Illegal Immigration Statistics website, there is a population of 11.7 million illegal immigrants living in the United States as of March 2012. All of the 11.7 illegal immigrants do not pay taxes, but they utilize Americans taxes in many government programs. Illegal immigration does not benefit the economy and should be a door that should be closed off.
Identity theft is an increasing epidemic. Some of the ways a person can commit identity
ON WHAT PINCIPLES DID THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY SEEK TO RESTRUCTURE FRENCH GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY IN THE YEARS 1789-91?
The French Revolution (1789-99) violently transformed France from a monarchical state with a rigid social hierarchy into a modern nation in which the social structure was loosened and power passed increasingly to the middle classes. There is considerable controversy over the causes of the Revolution. Marxist scholars emphasize material factors: as the population increased, food supplies grew short; land had become divided into such small parcels that most Frenchmen lived close to the subsistence level; and after 1776 agricultural recession forced property owners to exploit their sources of revenue. Marxists also maintain that commercial prosperity had stimulated the growth of a monied middle class that threatened the position of the established landed aristocracy. Other social historians emphasize the importance of the growing discrepancy between reality and the legally defined social structure, which distinguished men by hereditary or acquired rank and recognized corporate rather than individual rights. They also emphasize, however, the complexity of French society and question the importance of capitalism.
...l structure. These protests later encouraged workers to go on strike and demand changes. These protests were a major part of France in 1968.