Logic generally arises from argumentation, involving the study of reason and the forms it may take when presented as an argument. In determining the logical value of an argument, one must effectively assess the relations between objects and concepts put forth in a thought. However, thoughts themselves are inaccessible to anyone but the self as they exist only in the consciousness. To express such a thought, one must employ the tool of language, formulating thoughts and ideas into words so that they may be shared with a community. Language, though, can never encapsulate the entirety of the idea; information and clarity thereof is often lost in translation. In order to pursue the goal of logic and evaluate a body of reasoning, one must then first analyze and master the language in which the argument is put forth. Gottlob Frege, one of the founders of modern logic, recognized the necessity of correctly parsing language back into idea and devised a methodology, published in On Sense and Meaning, for analyzing words, phrases, and sentences.
Frege breaks his analysis down into the constituent parts of a sentence, eventually building up to the whole. The first such part concerns individual words, to which he assigns three attributes: idea, sense, and meaning. The idea is the most abstract of the three qualities, signifying the mental image associated with the word in question. It is composed of all the memories and experiences with such an object and therefore is specific to the individual; one can never be sure that two people possess an identical idea. While similarities between ideas can be extracted through expression, absolute congruency can never be ascertained. The idea is an element of consciousness and therefore...
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...se. However, this obvious connection does not hold for the meaning of sentences, which is defined to be either true or false, assuming it exists. The sentences “Barack Obama is the president of the USA,” and “Man has stepped foot on the Moon,” both evaluate to true and have the same meaning according to Frege. However, if one were to ask a layman if these sentences “mean” the same thing, the intuitive and automatic response is no. The colloquial concept of meaning with regard to sentences corresponds to Frege’s idea of sense. It seems that Frege’s definitions are the exact opposite of what is normally assumed, which leads to unnecessary confusion. However, this is still only a claim about the aesthetic qualities of his theory, and doesn’t necessarily affect its pragmatic value. Frege’s interpretation of language is certainly revolutionary, but it isn’t without flaw.
The first application of logic found in the movie was in the first scene with the use of coconuts. They argued about how King Arthur had coconuts here in a moderate climate while coconuts only grow in tropical climates. King Arthur’s explanation for this was that a swallow brought it back when migrating. The peasant said that is impossible because a little bird cannot carry a coconut while it migrates. Hence with no other possibilities the peasant had concluded that it is impossible to have a coconut in England, which had been brought back, from a tropical area from a small migrating bird. This is a perfect example of how the movie breaks down logic and uses the settings environmental attributes and resources.
In the article, “How to make our ideas clear” by Charles S. Peirce. Charles explains more deeply about the methods of common logic methods which are Clearness, Obscure distinct and confused conceptions. Both clear and obscure conceptions are the opposite of each other, while distinctness and confusions conceptions are the opposite of each other as well. Charles believes that logicians are unclear of their explanations for Clearness. According to the article he states, “This is rather a neat bit of philosophical terminology; yet, since it is clearness that they were defining, I wish the logicians had made their definition a little more plain”. Charles had obviously doubted the logicians’ way of seeing clarity knowing that they have yet to learn new material for this method. Also, he discusses the philosopher Descartes and how he began his method of philosophy. Descartes first started off with allowing term doubtless and cutting of the usual belief of the authority having complete power. After this he
Carl Sandburg's poem Languages is a poem about how languages can change over time. On the surface level, it compares the evolution of language to the formation of a river. At the same time, however, it makes a statement on why languages are difficult to label and mark. The lines dividing languages blur very easily.
inaugurates the humans perplexing systems and how they alter the way one thinks such as with logic
Up to act one, Friel presents us with a tight knit and well-bonded community of people. People bonded by their nationality, culture and language. This of course is extremely ironic (Friel uses irony quite heavily in this play, for example the fact that Jimmy-Jack is called the "infant prodigy", he is in-fact in his late sixties. His name indicates that he has always been at the same precocious level of ability and he is unlikely to advance any further), the fact that the whole play is about the English renaming most of Ireland for conveniences sake. Also the English are teaching most of Ireland how to speak English, moving them away from their traditional Gaelic tongue. The English settlers are breaking up the community.
The dictionary term and understanding for the word ‘logic’ is “of sound thinking and proof by reasoning” (Merriam-Webster, 2009). Logic is the examination of the methods and doctrine used to determine ‘correct’ from ‘incorrect’ and is used in the structure of an argument. Allied to critical thinking, logic has a place and holds a relationship that reflects the thought process yet; critical thinking has a more diverse standard of questioning relative to developing both intellectual and emotional queries that can better evaluate reason.
The aim of this essay is to give an exposition of the theory of descriptions as it is first set forth by Russell in his article 'On Denoting' found in Mind 1905.
Frege viewed language to function much like mathematics. He believed that we are able to describe things in natural language to be reducible to atomic sentences that are much like functions with variables. Frege goes into further detail to allow for language to be descriptive of things that exist in the world through presenting clarification between sense and reference.
Logic affects our lives everyday. We use it both subconsciously and consciously to make decisions which can be as important as our careers, or as insignificant as what to eat for lunch. Logic can also be used in other ways. Ironically, others’ bad logic can result in us learning something just as much as we learn from our own bad decisions. This is shown in Monty Python’s Quest for the Holy Grail.
on the ability of the thinker to be able to successfully think logically. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, logic is defined as "the science of reasoning, proof, thinking, or inference." Therefore, being able to think logically would assist in one's critical thinking abilities. Logic is not tainted by human emotion, and is therefore can be considered a reliable tool to accompany the critical thinking process.
Aristotle saw logic as a tool that led to probing and eventually to explanations through argumentation rather than deductions alone [6]. In Aristotle’s view, deductions were not sufficient to lead to any type of validity, and most certainly not in the sciences, where arguments should “feature premises which are necessary” in order to avoid false suppositions [6]. He insisted that because science “extends to fields of inquiry like mathematics and metaphysics,” it is essential that not only facts had to be reported, but also explained through their “priority relations” [6].
to mean "truth" which can be unde rstood as "correctness and representation." It is in this change, due to translation of ideas, that Heidegger notices some inconsistencies.
Meaning can be studied in two ways: semantically and pragmatically. Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences of what the speaker says. The focus is on what the words and sentences conventionally mean. For example, semantic studies are concerned with topics such as metonymy, prototypes and synonyms. However, pragmatics deals with what the writer or speaker of certain words or sentences intends to convey. Leech (1983) defines pragmatics as the study of meanings according to speech situations. Yule (1996) states that pragmatics is the study of what a speaker means of uttering a sentence .In uttering...
...eas were presented by Barthes, we now commonly accept that a text, or a piece of music, is not simply a series of words, or musical motifs, releasing a single theological meaning but has the potential for a multidimensional space giving place to multiple meanings of equal validity.