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Contrasting viewpoints of the crusades
World history 02.03 the crusades
The first crusade
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Four armies of Crusaders were formed from troops of different Western European regions led by Raymond of Saint-Gilles, Godfrey of Bouillon, Hugh of Vermandois and Bohemond of Taranto with his nephew, Tancred. Less than a year after Pope Urban II’s call, these groups departed for Byzantium in August 1096. A less organised band of knights known as the People’s Crusade left before the others under the command of a popular preacher known as Peter the Hermit.
Peter’s army crossed the Bosporus in early August, disobeying Alexius’ command to wait for the rest of the Crusaders. Because of this, the first major battle between the Crusaders and Muslims, the Turkish forces came out on top and defeated the invading Europeans at Cibotus. Another group of Crusaders led by Count Emicho led many massacres of Jews in different towns in the Rhineland in 1096. This caused massive outrage across Europe and the Holy Land and broke anything left of the Jewish-Christian relations.
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One of the leaders, Bohemond refused to take the oath. The Crusaders and their Byzantine allies attacked Nidea, the Seljuk capital in Anatolia and forced the city to surrender in late
After the disappointments of the Third Crusade the Christian forces would never again threaten the real bases of Muslim power. From the end of the Third Crusade and on they were only able to gain access to Jerusalem through diplomacy, not arms. In 1199 Innocent III called for another Crusade to recapture Jerusalem. To prepare for this crusade, the ruler of Venice had agreed to transport the French and Flemish Crusaders to the Holy Land. However the crusaders never fought the Muslims because more than half of their men did not show up and they were unable to pay the Venetians. This turned into a bargain with the Venetians and once Innocent III learned of their barging he excommunicated the participants. Then there was the Fourth Crusade which
The year is now 1096 and Peter the Hermit is assembling the People’s Crusade! Although Peter’s sermons were great at pulling people together, his army is very disorganized
The First Crusade was called in 1096 by Pope Urban II. The reasons for the First Crusade was to help obtain Jerusalem known as the holy land. During this time period the Muslims were occupying Jerusalem. First Crusade contained peasants and knights’ whose ethnicities consist of Franks, Latin’s, and Celts which were all from the western part of Europe. To get peasants and knights to join Pope Urban II objectives in return of a spiritual reward called “remission of all their sins” which was to be redeemed of any sins the individual has committed. When sins are redeemed Crusaders believed that they will escape the torment of hell. When lords and knights joined the crusade they were known as military elites. Crusaders were known as soldiers of Christ.
The First Crusade is often cited as one of the most damnable consequences of religious fanaticism. A careful inspection of the circumstances and outcomes, however, will reveal a resultant political restructuring of Europe under the banner of Christendom. The purpose of this investigation is to investigate Pope Urban II’s motives in initiating the First Crusade, with a particular focus on the consolidation of the Western Church’s influence in Europe. Among the primary sources that will be consulted are the letter sent by Patriach Alexios of Constantinople to Urban, and an account of Urban’s speech at Clermont. Relevant excerpts from both of these primary sources, as well as contextual evidence and a wide array of historiography, will be taken
On the 18 of May 1906 the army of the crusaders under the rule of the Emicho of Flonheim reached the walls of Mainz and demanded to open the city’s gates. After three days of invasions the archiepiscop of the city opened the gates and the knights entered the city, and started to attack Jewish district. In several days the whole Jewish diaspora of the city Mainz was buried in this bloody slaughter - Mainz had the biggest Jewish district in Europe with the population of more than 1000 people (counting the fact that hardly every other city of Medieval Europe had a population of more than 5000 citizens). All the symbols of the Jewish faith were destroyed, the synagogue in which were held yearly meetings of the heads of the jewish faith was set up in flames. The same fate crushed upon cities like Ruan, Reims, Trier, Prague, Metz and others. Crusades started with military campaigns and massive robberies, which were not the major purpose. Eventually, robberies were daily basis for the knights , and Jews were killed for the ridiculous reason like "Their grandparents crucified Jesus". The Emicho of Flonheim himself before starting his military campaign to Jerusalem roberred several churches. Other leaders of the First Crusade like Godfrey of Bouillon and Duke of Lower Lorraine were regularly devastating monasteries in their own la...
Thomas Madden’s Crusades is an exposition of the crusades, which occurred during the Middle Ages. The Crusades were a series of military conflicts of a religious character. They remain a very important movement in human history, and are hard to understand, as they include several themes and they lasted for a long time (about two hundred years, and the author covers a period of about eight centuries in his chronological work). Religion is, of course, the most recurrent theme we think about the Crusades, but is it the only factor to explain them? How does Madden, considered as one of the most foremost historian of the Crusades, expose them in his book? Is his work effective to understand this period of History? Madden has the ambition to relate the Crusades from the Middle Ages to today events, such as the attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001. For him, it is a recall of what happened in the past, and what can still happen today: making wars for religion. Madden wants to intrigue readers with this concise book so they go further to discover more about the Crusades.
In 1095, Pope Urban II called the first crusade. Happening between 1096 and 1099, the first crusade was both a military expedition and a mass movement of people with the simple goal of reclaiming the Holy Lands taken by the Muslims in their conquests of the Levant. The crusade ended with the capture of Jerusalem in July 1099. However, there has been much debate about whether the First Crusade can be considered an ‘armed pilgrimage’ or whether it has to be considered as a holy war. This view is complicated due to the ways in which the Crusade was presented and how the penitential nature of it changed throughout the course of the Crusade.
A Christian priest described the aftermath of the battle between the Muslims and Christians. He described, “Indeed, it was God’s judgement that this place should be filled with the blood of the unbeliever since the city had suffered from their blasphemies.” (Evidence A) Here he illustrates how the crusaders killed and massacred the Muslims relentlessly, demonstrating merciless attitude towards those who defied their Lord. Another account of the battle, this time from a Muslim perspective, shows that the Christians had murdered Jews as well. Amin Maalouf said, “They [the Jews] all gathered in the main synagogue to pray. The crusaders blocked all the exits and set the temple on fire.” (Evidence B) This quote tells us that the Christians didn’t just kill Muslims to conquer the land, but they truly did it for their Maker. Thus, they also killed Jews. This proves that the crusaders were plainly on the Crusades because they wanted to defend their religion. It paid off too, as they were able to look up at the newly claimed land. When they did, the Christians declared, “This day marks the renewal of our
Pope Eugenius III proclaimed the Second Crusade in 1145 and it was led by King Louis VII of France beginning in 1147. Unlike its predecessor,
For the defeated and battered Christians, it was time to declare a Third Crusade in order to gain the Holy Land back from Muslim hands. King Philip of France, King Richard I of England, and German Emperor Frederick Barbarossa were powerful rulers that joined together to attempt to reclaim Christian supremacy. While they set out to reclaim Jerusalem, an unfortunate tragedy occurred when Frederick of Barbossa died afte...
The First Crusade was established in 1095 in a council of the Church in Clermont. Alexius I Commenus, emperor of Byzantium, wanted to control Asia Minor and Northern Syria after losing to the Turks. He needed more Western troops and looked towards Pope
In 1095, the first of the Crusades began. Western European Christians responded to Pope Urban II’s plea for war. The war against Muslims in the Holy Land. The goal was for the Christians to capture Jerusalem. The goal was successful in 1099. The Christians set up Latin Christian states even though the Muslims vowed to wage a holy war to regain control. Relations between Crusaders and Christian allies in the Byzantine Empire reached a climax in Constantinople during the Third Crusade. With the rising of the Mamluk dynasty providing the final straw for the Crusaders, the coastal stronghold of land was driving the invaders out of Palestine and Syria.
In the year 1095 the First Crusade was just beginning. Pope Urban II called Christians to liberate the Holy Land from Muslim oppressors. He promised indulgences and the gift of eternal life in the Kingdom of Heaven for fighting in the holy war. Those that answered the call were peasants, beggars, the poor looking for riches and the unknown looking for glory. What started out as a pilgrimage to help fellow Christians secure their borders and repel foreign invaders soon became the first of many Holy Wars for the Kingdom of God.
In the eleventh century, Jerusalem was taken over by the Turks. This sparked the Crusades; the Crusades ended up lasting 200 years. The third crusade was deemed unsuccessful because Jerusalem was still in Muslim hands. In 1198, Pope Innocent issued the need for a Fourth Crusade. Excitement was stirred up by Priest Faulk of Neuilly after he preached at a knight tournament (Williams 103).
How did the Crusades affect the Christians, Muslims, and Jews? The crusades impacted them all greatly for they were all a key part of the Crusades. Occasionally A religion may get a positive consequence but most of the time it was a negative one. Why did they all want Jerusalem? They all wanted it because it had a religious value to them. For the Jews, it was their spiritual city where the great temple once stood. For the Christians, it was where Jesus was crucified and rose from the dead. Last but not least for the Muslims it was where Muhammad rose to heaven during the night journey.