The FACTS device concept was introduced by the Electric Power Research Institute in the late 1980. Since then facts devices have become more and more popular in power systems. Before the introduction of FACTS conventional power flow control techniques were there but they were not fast enough, need to be manually operated and lacked proper co-ordination leading to acceptance of FACTS devices. As years pass by more and more advancement in FACTS technologies are evolving.
FACTS controllers can be divided into four categories based on their connection in the network - Shunt Controllers, Series Controllers, Combined Series-Series Controllers and Combined Series-Shunt Controllers. These type of controllers are connected in shunt with the transmission line. Shunt controllers are of variable impedance type, variable source type or a combination of both. They inject current into the system at the point of connection and thereby inject or absorb reactive power and hence regulate voltage at the point of connection. Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR), Thyristor Switched Reactor (TSR), Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC) and Static Synchronous Compensator (Statcom) are the common shunt controllers. Series controllers are connected in series with the transmission line. They decrease the overall effective series transmission impedance from the sending end to the receiving end and thereby control the power flow. Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), Thyristor Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC), Thyristor Controlled Series Reactor (TCSR) and Thyristor Switched Series Reactor (TSSR) are some of the common series controllers.
Combined Series-Series controllers are connected in series with neighbouring lines with a DC link in between them. They control power flow through the installed lines and are also capable of exchange of active power between neighbouring lines. The Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) is one such controller Combined Series-Shunt controllers are the most versatile and powerful device among the FACTS device family. They are connected both in series and shunt with the transmission lines. Depending on its main control strategy they can act as shunt and/or series compensator, a power flow controller, a voltage regulator or a phase shifter. Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is one such controller. In this work voltage stability improvement is focussed and hence the shunt FACTS device SVC is used here.
A. Static Var Compensator (SVC)
SVC is a shunt-connected static reactive power generator or absorber which can maintain or control specific parameters of the electrical power system (typically bus voltage). They are called static because they dont have any rotational components
Siwakoti P.Y., Graham E.T., Design of FPGA-controlled Power Electronics and Drives Using MATLAB Simulink, Macquarie University, Australia, 571- 577, 2013.
My knowledge of engineering is reasonable and includes transformer substations, power plants, power distribution and transmission systems, industrial motor control and PLC programming, protective relay coordination, FACTS devices, grounding systems, Matlab programming and project management. In addition, I possess practical experience performing power flow, short-circuit and relay coordination analyses while using a power system modelling software such as ETAP, EDSA, DigSilent and CYME. Consequently, the aforementioned experience and solid engineering education along with your training will allow me to provide support to operating and new
This chapter includes all research into the current state of the art. Section 2.2 details the history of refrigeration, the refrigeration cycle, and the various types of refrigeration equipment available and most commonly used. Section 2.3 discusses the refrigeration and freezing of various products. Section 2.4 provides information on programmable logic controllers (PLC). This section includes a brief history of PLCs, how they work, different programming languages used and some commonly used instructions. Section 2.5 describes various types of signals used in control including digital, analog, serial, fieldbus, and SCADA.
United States. Sandia National Laboratories. (2012, April 24). National Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA). Retrieved from http://energy.sandia.gov/?page_id=859
most capacity. Once the power grid exceeds that capacity, it causes a power plant to
In today's world, technology is constantly changing from a new paperclip to an improvement in hospital machinery. Technology lets people improve the way they live so that they can preserve their own personal energy and focus on the really important factors in life. Some people focus their energy on making new innovations to improve transportation and the health of people that may save lives and some people focus on making new designs of packaging CDS. Technology is significant in everyone's life because it rapidly changes what is in the market. But, some new innovations of technology are ridiculous because they serve no purpose in helping mankind.
The individual constituent parts will vary, but it will always have a Master Controller responsible of matching the load with generation in both island mode or grid-connected, provide real-time response and fault protection, connect and disconnect from the grid, and make predictive and forecasting analysis.
ABSTRACT. In this modern science world, the usage of power is very high. As the usage is increased, the power demand is also gets increased. In order to comprise/compensate the power demand, different forms of power sources are preferred. Dispatchable energy resources (non-renewable energy sources) are the sources can be turned on and off in short amount of time and it is generated from different techniques. Non-dispatchable energy resources (renewable energy resources) includes the nuclear power plants, hydroelectric plants, wind and wave energy resources. The Distributed Energy Resources (DER) typically use these renewable energy sources, including small hydro, biomas, solarpower, windpower and geothermal power for an electric power distribution system and DER is coordinated within a microgrid. A
This periodic switching scheme between utility and generator can be handled manually at small scales but in cases when there are more than one generator or there is tough industrial environment, manual switching is not a fast and economical procedure. Uneconomical in a sense that you will need personnel to handle this manual operation.
For the prevantion of the electricity blackout we need to build smart power grid. A modernized electrical grid that uses analog or digital information and communications technology to gather and act on information, such as information about the behaviours of suppliers and consumers is known as a smart grid. This is used to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity in an automated fashion[12]. The important aspects of smart grid is to electronic power conditioning and control of the production and distribution of
Throughout the ages, electrical engineers have been improving new methods and devices to decrease the risk of using electric power. They are essential because they avoid electric circuit being burned. They created many machines and devices for this purpose. For example, a circuit breaker is one of these devices that increases the safety level of using electric power. a Circuit breakers is switching machine which according to the American National Standards Association (ANSI) are defined as “[a] mechanical device capable of making, carrying and breaking currents under normal circuit conditions and also making, carrying for a specific time and breaking currents under specified abnormal circuit conditions such as those of short circuit” (Garzon, 2005). Basically these are devices which can break any vast circuit in buildings and houses, meaning that the current is not going through the circuit. Moreover, circuit breakers break these vast circuits in some specific situations such as, overcurrent or overload current is going through the circuit (Garzon,
Load flow programs are divided into two types - static (off-line) and dynamic (real time).Most load flow studies for system analysis are based on static network models. Real time load flows that incorporate data inputs from the actual networks are typically used by utilities in Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems. Such systems are used primarily as operating tools for optimisation of generation, var control, dispatch, losses and tie-line control. Since load flow problem pertains to balanced, steady state operation of power systems, a single phase, positive sequence...
Sources of PQ problems in all the fields such as domestic, commercial are industrial are closely related with power electronics. For example residential equipments such as PC’s and TV, office equipments like printers and industrial equipment such as PLCs.
Background: The increasing require of electricity, fast exhaustion of fossil fuels, diminution of CO2 emissions, in conjunction with the incapability and ineffectiveness of present electricity grid are motivating chief changes in electricity production, circulation and consumption guides around the globe. In recent times, smart electricity grid configurations comprised with interlinked small or medium dimension generators, energy storage elements as well as power electronic technologies have been germinated to find the key limitations of the conventional grid structure. Microgrids are major ingredients of these promising grid configurations. Even though microgrids are received as feasible solutions to power stability and quality topics in ac power systems, the ambiguity in the capacity of microgrids are to deal with serious changeable load and fault situation is the most important pertain in the function of these novel grid configurations.
N. Mohan, T.M. Undeland, W.P. Robbins, “Power Electronics”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. © 2003