PILE FOUNDATION
GENERAL INTRODUCTION : Foundation engineering involves the way and technique of transferring the weight of heavy structures to the underlying rocks or soil .Foundation is the basic and lowest part of an architectural structure It involves the process in which piles are dug deep in the soil till the layer of stable soil is obtained .The weight of entire structure is passed on to the soil or rock below the surface . From the start of the 19th century to make rigid and long lasting structures pile foundation was used .Concrete metals and timber are the substances which are used to make a pile. On the basis of consideration they have various applications as :
*The nature of the load required
*Condition
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Wooden piles were first introduced and used and in later 1900 s steel piles were used .In 19th century helical or screw pilling in foundation engineering became most popular methods of pile foundation . Earlier the week land areas, banks of river , and areas having loose grounds were reinforced by introducing the wooden piles in the ground to hold the areas and for such screw piling was used . The big pile was hammered manually or was lifted by animal support and then released down .Later in mid 19th century screw pile foundation became most popular . In this two blades were attached to the screw or to a pointed circular cutting blades or drills .This entire drilling tool was moved in circular direction and was induced in the soil ,then in this hollow column, wooden piles were introduced which would hold the structure …show more content…
There are two types of drop hammer methods
• Single action steam or compressed air hammers
• Double action pile hammers
In single action compressed air hammer the steam from the boiling water is filled in the cylinder of the action hammer and the piston is raised to the appropriate height .At sutiable height the steam is cut off and the hammer falls on the pile head forcing it to move in . In single action pile hammer the downward bow is only generated from the gravitation force. This hammer weights about 5000 kg. They are best used in driving piles in hard soil
In double action pile hammer compressed air is used to move the hammer. Double action pile does not requires any sort of framework because this type of hammer gets attached to the head of the pile and hammers it in the soil. This hammer weights about 2500kg. Hammer is guided by steam and compressed air in both the
Must be flexible and allow changes to make and specify the designs of the projects.
After observing Gothic cathedral, you begin to notice the tall walls of stone and stained glass windows. Construction a building of this nature took a lot of architectural design, time, and hundreds of workers. Back in the 12th century, they did not have the modern technology that we have to build cathedrals in less time. In France, they have created a prototype to determine techniques used by worker to build of such a building of architectural design. In their findings, they discover that builders used a Roman war engine hoisting machine or “squirrel cage”, to assist workers with lifting six times their own weight. This method was very difficult as one worker described in an interview, because the “squirrel cage,” often slowed down due to the heaviness of the stones. In order to keep the wheel spinning, the workers had to speed up to ensure that the stones would not fall out in mid-air and cause harm to other working on another s...
When erosion can carve out sea caves, arches, stacks and blowholes in a headland. Sea caves form when weak areas of headlands and cliffs are hollowed out. The cave could be worn away to reach the other side of the rock, or two sea caves might meet. In both cases, a sea arch results. The waves continue to corrode the rock until the arch collapses due to the weakening of the top portion. All that remains is a stack, which is eventually reduced to a stump by wave erosion.
The soil on top of the rocks, called the overburden, is abstracted with power shovels or earth scrapers. The exposed rock layers are then drilled with immensely colossal pneumatic or hydraulic drills, and the apertures are filled with explosive charges. When all personnel and equipment have been moved out of the area, the explosive charges are detonated. The resulting heap of loose rocks are scooped up with power shovels and dumped into trucks or train cars, which carry the rocks to a nearby processing
integrity by using a flared foothold, or pier, and the terrain to anchor each end of the span. It was
Concrete is one of the world’s most popular construction materials. Some six billion tonnes of concrete is produced each year in the world, making it approximately one ton of concrete for every human being per year (Fardis, 2012, p.116). However, the lifecycle of concrete does not make it the most sustainable building material at the moment. Because of limited natural resources, concerns over green house gases, and landfill problems, concrete production is being cut-back, or at least cannot be increased to keep up with population increase. In this essay, I will look at what makes concrete an unsustainable material and possible solutions to make concrete a more sustainable material.
Another theory that has been suggested has come from Dr, Joseph West from the Indiana State University. He suggests that three round wooden beams to each
...n most part if steel were to be used in a Type I structure, it would be to reinforce the concrete because concrete is strong in compressive strength but weak in tensil strength. If there is any exposed steel, it is fire proofed with a fire retardant. Mainly the fire hazards that firefighters have to face in these structures are usually because of human error during the construction of the buildings or when occupants are occupying the building. In a construction sites welding, cutting, plumber’s torches, electrical wiring, and heaters all pose a fire hazard. The other risk of this type of building would be of a collapse of the concrete walls or floors during construction.
Throughout time, humans have challenged themselves to construct bigger and better monuments. From the Pyramids of Giza to the Eiffel Tower, this goal is apparent throughout the modern and ancient worlds. Due to the complex understanding of construction present within society, humans are able to build structures that tower over the clouds or span miles long. Nonetheless, there is one homogeneous theme, triangles form the base of many of these structures. They are necessary components of architecture and their strength and ability to evenly distribute weight makes them the perfect mold for engineering.
... although we may never be able to understand exactly what soil failures can occur when a natural disasters take place, as time goes on and testing instruments and materials advance we will hopefully have a better understanding of what we can do to avoid soil failures and come up with a better and more sufficient method of improving the soils structure and strength permanently. While researching the information for this report I feel I have a much better understanding for construction geo-technics and foundations especially regarding the deformation, liquefaction and pile information related to this specific event. I hope to carry the information I have learned from this event into the construction field and apply them towards an authentic project that’s taking place and know that the information, regarding soils, I have given input on will be precise and accurate.
Clyde F. Crews, author of Ultimate questions describes in chapter “The Foundation Shake” about political (American and French Revolution), technological (locomotive, telephone), philosophical, and religious events that shape the history of late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
There are 25 major specialties in engineering that are recognized by professional societies. In any one of those 25 specialties, the goal of the engineer is the same. The goal is to be able to come up with a cost effective design that aids people in the tasks they face each day. Whether it be the coffee machine in the morning or the roads and highways we travel, or even the cars we travel in, it was all an idea that started with an engineer. Someone engineered each idea to make it the best solution to a problem. Even though engineer’s goals are similar, there are many different things that engineers do within their selected field of engineering. This paper will focus on the architectural field of engineering.
In this chapter, the structural plan is taken and it is designed in the sap2000 software by taking the center line diagram and firstly a basic ground level is designed and then the required no of levels is placed according to their different levels of height. The analysis is being checked by firstly placing the beams and coloums to be placed correctly at their position and checked for safety i.e., the slab does not fail and
Geotechnical Engineering covers the engineering properties of soils, the fundamentals of soil mechanics, and the application of geotechnical data and fundamentals to the design of foundation elements, earth-retaining structures, excavations, earth embankments and highway pavements.
Soil structure is the size, shape and arrangement of mineral grains which form the soil mass. Soil structure is a major characteristic that influences all other engineering properties of the soil. Due to the processes of laterization, lateritic soils have attained distinct structural characteristics. It is an over-simplification to identify all temperate zone soils with dispersed structure and lateritic soils with concretionary structure (Remillon, 1967), lateritic soils may be on the whole more concretionary than most temperate zone soils.