Formation and Organization of the Athalassic Salt Lakes of Australia
Preface
Upon my acceptance to the Biomes of Australia 2003 program – a biologically-oriented summer experience in the “Land Down Under” that, for the 6th consecutive year, has been organized by Dr. Warren Dolphin of Iowa State University – I was presented with the task of writing a research paper on an aspect of the Australian landscape. Anxious to apply my new knowledge of geomorphology and desiring to investigate an ecosystem from the holistic perspective of an environmental scientist, I settled upon investigating the formative elements of athalassic (inland) salt lakes and how they determine the ecological structure of salt lake playas. The research summarized in this report is an assimilation of fragmented literature on the subject and represents an attempt to integrate those pieces for better clarity. I believe that my travel companions, to whom I am obligated to present this information, shall derive a greater understanding of Australian salt lake systems from a broad examination of the subject than from an intensely focused analysis of but a single component. Although the information that I present is indeed broad in scope, the reader must realize that it falls short of comprehensiveness. The shear volume of literature prohibits designing anything other than a series of encyclopedias to encompass the full complexity of salt lake systems. It is my hope, rather, that this paper elicits the reader’s curiosity and prompts further reading on this fascinating area.
The introduction draws a necessary overview of salt lakes in basic geographic and geologic terms. Part I examines the processes of basin and lake formation, first the physical mechanisms of creation and secondly the concentration of ions within the basin. Part II explores the effects of salinity and other chemical characteristics on lake fauna. Part III explains how climatic adjustments determine the composition of vegetation in and around salt lake basins. Together, these pieces should provide some insight to a central question of this paper: What physical and chemical characteristics of athalassic salt lakes, as determined by the regional climatic and hydrologic regime, determine local ecologies?
Abstract
The athalassic salt lakes of Australia arose during the continent’s shift to the present arid/semi-arid climate regime. Some, such as Lake Eyre are ephemeral and hold water only after infrequent and irregular rains; others flood intermittently or permanently contain water.
There are many great musicians known throughout history, but there is one in particular that will forever thrive and be remembered: Elvis Presley. The incredible Elvis Presley’s life story began when Elvis Aaron Presley was born to Vernon and Gladys Presley in a two-room house in Tupelo, Mississippi, on January 8, 1935. His twin brother, Jessie Garon, was abortive, leaving Elvis to grow up as an only child. He and his parents moved to Memphis, Tennessee, in 1948, and Elvis graduated from Humes High School there in 1953. In the eighth grade, Elvis made a C in music class, which is considered failing at the time. Crazy how The King of Rock failed a music class. Elvis was an actor and singer.
Elvis Presley is one of the biggest names in rock and roll. Singer, musician and actor he was an American icon. He is best known as the King of Rock and Roll. His musical influence included the country and pop music of the time, the gospel music he sang in church and the black R&B music he listened to as a teenager (Comprehensive History of Elvis Presley’s Dynamic Life). Elvis has influenced American culture not only while he was living but also in today’s 21st century. It wasn’t easy for him to be accepted; in fact many adults and the older generations of his time were appalled by his performances and his music. In time though, people were able to accept him and he became well-known all over the world. Even after his death Americans are still influenced by his music. Presley had some of the most unforgettable and also unpredictable singles in of the 1950s and 60s (Comprehensive History of Elvis Presley’s Dynamic Life). According to the New York Times article “25 Years Later, Elvis Rolls On,” written by Jon Pareles (2002), Elvis didn’t invent rock and roll but he was the one who made the music larger than life. He set off rock n roll’s conquest of popular culture, enlarging his views of country and blues, pop and gospel with star presence and a jolt of sexuality (Pareles, 2002).
"I can guarantee you one thing –we will never again agree on anything as we agreed on Elvis.” (Bangs 1) Elvis not only made significant contributions to the music industry, but he became the most famous idol across the world and in the U.S.A. Elvis Presley was regarded as one of most influential rock n’ roll performers of the century. If you say “The King of Rock” everyone will automatically know you are talking about Elvis Presley. Through his music, Elvis paved the road for African Americans to the music world, and he had essentially revolutionized American society and culture. He went against racism and began a whole new revolution for the music industry.
However, due to hardships and poverty Elvis and his family had to move to Memphis, Tennessee. In Memphis, Presley’s childhood revolved around a profoundly religious environment. He grew up surrounded by gospel music. As a boy, he sang with his local Assembly of God church choir, which introduced the young star to the African-American psalm singing that would later contribute to the young star’s career as his talents’ origins. Following, young Presley would be known for winning singing contests during his adolescences. Ultimately, the mixture of the musical styles of southern country and religious gospel that Presley was exposed to within his childhood and community would essentially contribute to the formation of his personal style. All of the above would later serve and be recognized as the fundamental building blocks of one of America’s culturally significant icons of the
Elvis Presley was an influential and prominent character in the development of American culture in the 1950’s. Elvis’ humble upbringing and controversial sound rallied him a massive support group of fans. He was truthful about his stance towards controversial topics and would often incite hurtful rumors and criticism. Also, different aspects of pop culture can be linked back to Elvis Presley and his musical career. Elvis Presley, whose music and ideas were progressive for those of his time, brought about positive change by expanding the civil liberties of all people.
On Saturday, April 25th, the class went on a field trip to different locations around the Blacksburg-Christiansburg area to view different land formations typical of the Virginia area. We visited a total of eight sites to include the Kentland Farms, VT airport, Blacksburg Golf Course, and several road side areas. The weather conditions that day were cloudy with intermittent showers making the ground very wet and reducing visibility across large landscapes for the majority of the day. This paper will serve a summary of each stop made and will tie all of the observations together into big picture concepts for the New River basin.
According to a recent survey, which I conducted with 13 Crane High School students and faculty, most people agree that Elvis Presley was the greatest of his time. The results were that 92-percent agreed that Elvis was the greatest artist of his time. 8-percent disagreed that he was the best. The pie chart above, which is based off of my survey(1).Musician and actor Elvis Presley was born on January 8, 1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi. Presley was supposed to be a twin but his brother Jesse Garon was stillborn. Elvis Presley grew up to become a very big name in rock 'n' roll. Raised by working-class parents his family had little
Elvis Presley is one of the best artists of all time. Changes that he experienced throughout his career were controversial and additionally a success. “Elvis changed music genres throughout his career, his unique technique for captivating the crowd, and many individuals praise him as an incredible idol. He was praised by people for his impacts on individuals, an incredible performer, however other than having the capacity to catch the consideration by the fans; there is a negative outlook that Elvis needs in his career” (Elvis Life Story. N.p., n.d.). People keep focus on the peripheral features and the popularized things he got to be and Elvis's attitude to music is distinctive, instead of focusing on genre, he changed himself various times to become a part of the music trend. People would recognize him for his profound...
Australia is home to the great barrier reef which is the world's largest coral reef system, and home to the kangaroo. Australia is the driest continent in the world. The outback is the part of Australia that few live in because it’s a vast desert (“Australia”). The great dividing range is a long chain of mountains that runs along the Pacific Coast of Australia (“Australia”). Australia is the driest inhabitable country in the world (“Australia”). The great barrier reef of Australia is the largest in the world (“Australia”). Australia is already a dry country and if the temperature rises anymore due to climate change than Australia could suffer from more severe forest fires and be doomed.
Whether it was the history of northern American lakes, the tree line that previously existed, or the previous temperature of the lake chironomids represented the previous climate very accurately. It was found in one study that 67-76% of the chironomid’s distribution was determined by the surface water temperature (Lotter el al., 1999). This shows that temperature is the main factor that influences the population of different types of chironomids. The other factors that were examined were lake productivity, oxygen content of the hypolimnion and sediments, water properties and water temperature (Walker, 1987). All these dimensions of chironomids habitat effected their population at the different lakes each study tended to look at. As well as different amounts of chironomids being found at each lake, different species would be found as well. By understanding which chironomids were in which lakes, scientists can then understand the environmental factors at the time that permitted the species to live in the abundance it was found to be
Elvis Presley was one of the biggest recording artists of that time period (PBS 1). He helped to start the big rock craze of the 50s. His first big break was a song known as Heartbreak Hotel (PBS 1). Elvis listened to African American gospel music and integrated that style into many of his best known songs . He sold millions of records and his popularity helped to make rock music popular . Elvis Presley made it possible for music from the different cultures to be brought over and intermixed . Elvis performed with a sexuality that appealed to young teens of the 50s. He signaled to mainstream culture that it was time to move on from the old and onto the new. He also became the perfect target for critics, parents and clergymen because of his explicit display of sexually suggestive undulations while on stage (PBS 1).
Elvis was and is a very popular and well-known star. Elvis started at dirt poor then became rich and famous. Elvis accomplished many things while he was alive; he got awards, a career, he had the women, parties, and ending fun. He became a singing sensation, and that all ended because of drugs (Denenberg
Smith, Zachary A., and Grenetta Thomassey. Freshwater Issues: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2002. Print
Kusler, Jon A. and Mary E. Kentula. Wetland Creation and Restoration. Island Press: Washington, D.C., 1990.
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