Introduction
Foot-and-mouth Disease (FMD) is a very important disease and remains one of the most dangerous animal diseases of all. Countries with large and efficient livestock industries, fears FMD the most of all. (Wernery and Kinne,2012). The reason is, FMD is highly infectious disease and this can cause extreme production and economic losses in livestock-intensive areas by the World Health Organization of Animal Health (OIE). An outbreak of FMD can disrupt regional and international trading of animals and animal products. Developing countries sometimes underestimate the effect an outbreak can have on the country. FMD is an important transboundary animal disease (TAD), that affects cloven-hoofed animals and this includes domestic as well as wild animals. In some areas, like southern Africa, the impact that FMD control measures made on wildlife maintenance has become a vital matter. (The Global Foot and Mouth Disease Control Strategy,2012.) In some parts of Asia, Africa, the Middle East and South America FMD are an endemic. (FMD Reference Laboratories Information System, 2014.)
According to the OIE (2012) the virus of the genus Aphthovirus, family Picornaviridae causes FMD. FMD virus consists of seven stereotypes, the following: O, A, C, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 and Asia 1. [OIE, 2012. Food and Agriculture Organization, 2014 (FAO) and Foot and Mouth Disease.] In South Africa the 3 types of FMD that are very common, during an outbreak, are SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3. (Foot and Mouth Disease.) FMD rarely leads to death in adult animals, but severe deaths may occur in young animals, especially lambs and piglets. (FAO, 2014.)
FMD is an acute viral disease that spreads rapidly, it is extremely contagious and very labile in low p...
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...of a Foot and Mouth Disease outbreak on Brittany: A dynamic computable general equilibrium analysis, November 2011. p.1. (Gohin and Rault, 2011).
Wernery U. and Kinne J., 2012. Foot and mouth disease and similar virus infections in camelids: a review, 2012. Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz., 2012, 31 (3), 907.
National Department of Agriculture: National Directorate Veterinary Services, 2001. Submission to the foot and mouth disease& other epizootics commission of the OIE for the re-instatement of a foot and mouth disease free zone without vaccination, August 2001. [Online] Available: http://www.daff.gov.za/docs/GenPub/fmdreport.htm Accessed: 18 March 2014
http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/empres/disease_fmd.asp 7 May 2014
http://www.foot-and-mouth.org/about/about-fmd May 26, 2014
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Mahy, 2005. Google books, tiaan*
This extremely pathogenic zoonotic virus is now understood to travel from bat species, to equine intermediate hosts, to humans.[8, 10] The Hendra virus is listed as a Bio-Safety Level (BSL)-4, and can only be studied at a few adequately equipped laboratories worldwide due to its virulence.[1, 2] Case fatality rates
“Plague Prevention and Control.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Department of Health and Human Services. 30 March, 2005. 26 July, 2006. .
Polio is a viral disease. It cripples thousands of people and infects even more every year. Even though millions are inoculated, and the polio disease has been successfully purged from hundreds of countries still thousands of people and developing countries are infected and still people are dying. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) polio affects the Central Nervous System, or CNS; by infesting the intestines and transmitting it into the nerves thought the blood vessels. There the virus spreads through the nerve cells to the brain stem or other motor units, while forever damaging the nerves.
Lyme disease is one of the seven most common diseases reported in the United States to the CDC annually (www.cdc.gov). The rates have gone from 10,000 cases in 1992 to over 30,000 cases in 2009. 95% of these cases were found in the northeast and Midwest regions of the United States (Committee on Lyme Disease, 2011) . More cases happen in this area of the country due to the close proximity of deer to population. The bite itself isn’t the problem, rather the pathogen being spread in mammals from the bite. Lyme disease occurs when a tick penetrates the skin of mammals and the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi enters. Borrelia burgdorferi is carried by ticks named the Ixodes dammini, which is the main vector for Lyme disease. These may also be known as I. scapularis, and may be found on deer (Schilling-McCann, 2010). ¬¬¬In addition to Lyme Disease, ticks may also carry Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever or Tularemia (Smeltzer et al, 2010).
Rift Valley Fever is a viral zoonotic disease that is arthropod-borne.1, 2, 3, 4 This viral disease primarily affects domestic animals but has the ability to affect humans.1, 3, 4 The severity of the disease can range from mild to severe and can be potentially fatal.1 An epidemic in the animal population, also known as an epizootic, could result in increased economic loss as the disease leads to livestock death and spontaneous abortion among pregnant animals .1, 2, 3, 4 A reduction in trade could also result contributing to further economic loss.1, 2, 3, 4 The virus which causes Rift Valley Fever is in the family Bunyaviridae and the genus Phlebovirus.1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Exotic animals carry diseases and infections that can be potentially harmful or fatal to humans, jeopardizing the safety of the community. These diseases range in severity from common ringworm infections from African pygmy hedgehogs to lyssaviruses in p...
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has presented many problems in our society, including an increased chance of fatality due to infections that could have otherwise been treated with success. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, but overexposure to these drugs give the bacteria more opportunities to mutate, forming resistant strains. Through natural selection, those few mutated bacteria are able to survive treatments of antibiotics and then pass on their genes to other bacterial cells through lateral gene transfer (Zhaxybayeva, 2011). Once resistance builds in one patient, it is possible for the strain to be transmitted to others through improper hygiene and failure to isolate patients in hospitals.
Over time as individuals age and are faced with access to care issues they may begin to neglect their oral health. As time passes between dental hygiene cleanings or dentist visits the presence of oral disease may begin to increase.
Marburg Virus is an acute and fatal strand of Filoviridae, there should be a heightened awareness of this virus since it is the predecessor of Ebola and devastated the world first with hemorrhaging. There is no cure and it’s believed to be transferred from primate to human contact. While there has only been one case in the United States of America, this virus devastated Europe and Africa over the years.
Wear gloves and proper cloths if handling the infected animals to prevent the direct contact.
Foodborne diseases are among the most widespread public health problems. Yet only a small proportion of these illnesses come to the notice of health services, and even fewer are investigated. In developing countries even fewer cases are counted, primarily because of poverty and lack of resources for food safety management and food control services. In spite of underreporting, increases in foodborne diseases in many parts of the world and the emergence of new or newly recognized foodborne problems have been identified (Tauxe, 2002).
If you have diabetes, you probably know that uncontrolled blood sugar levels can negatively affect various organs in your body, including the heart, kidneys, nerves and eyes; however, did you know that inconsistent blood glucose levels can also lead to periodontal disease? Periodontal disease often leads to dental pain which can make chewing difficult. There is also the possibility of tooth loss.
Introduction: In Canada, general dental health is not part Canada’s national system of health insurance (Medicare) (1) except for some dental surgical procedures that are performed at hospitals. Since Oral health does not come under the Health Act about ninety-five percent of the oral health care services are offered on a fee-for-service basis. Oral health care is under provincial or territorial jurisdiction like other health care services and publically financed dental care programs provide the remaining five percent of oral health care services (2). Thus, majority of Canadians receive oral health via privately owned dental clinics. Privately owned dental care gives these services providers control over dental service charges, types of available treatment for the patients and number of follow-up appointment for treatments or routine care. Service users pay for the dental expenses from their own pockets or utilize insurance coverage (1).
Microbes are microscopic life forms, usually too small to be seen by the naked eye. Although many microbes are single-celled, there are also numerous multi-cellular organisms. The human body has 10-100 trillion microbes living on it, making it one giant super-organism. Since the first link between microbes and diseases was made, people have been advised to wash their hands. Scientists, however, have recently started to investigate more closely how the microbes that call the human body home affect our health. While some microbes cause disease, others are more beneficial, working with our bodies in many subtle ways.
Many people think that the increased travel and trade between the world’s nations improved people’s lives. Although this increase had a positive effect, travel and trade also brought disasters. Foreign travelers and traders contributed to the wide spread of infectious diseases like cholera. A look at the general information, sources of infection and risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention and control will give a further insight on cholera.