Fluorine is a corrosive, pale yellow gas and is the smallest of the Halogen group but also the element with the highest electronegativity in the Periodic Table. With such a high electronegativity it makes fluorine the most reactive of all of the elements. The high electronegativity of fluorine is beneficial in several goods, for example; polymers, toothpastes, pesticides, cancer drugs, and antibiotics. Fluorochloro-hydrocarbons are widely used in air conditioners and refrigerators, and have been associated with the vanishing of the ozone layer (Stillinger, 1988). Teflon, the non-stick polymer, is a series of carbon-fluorine chains. Some fluoride salts are useful in the metal industry, especially in the production of aluminum and uranium. Fluorine …show more content…
Fluorine is found in the minerals fluorspar (CaF2) and cryolite (Na3AlF6) (McQuarrie, 2007). Fluorine toughens the crystalline structure of bones and teeth, making them far less prone to breakage or decay, hence why it is a main ingredient in toothpaste. Some cities put fluorine salts into the water system to help keep the population safe from tooth decay.
Chlorine is a caustic, green and yellow gas that is attained by the electrolysis of sodium chloride solutions. Chlorine salt is found in salt water such as seas, oceans and salt water lakes and in various minerals. The most common mineral of chlorine is the halite (sodium chloride) (McQuarrie, 2007). Similar to fluorine chlorine salts (halides) are beneficial to the human body. A muriatic acid, hydrochloric acid (HCl), is used in the stomach for digestion and the chlorine ion (Chloride, Cl-) is an electrolyte that the body utilizes to send electrical impulses.
There are many uses for chlorine which is why over nine-hundred thousand tons are produced in the United States annually. There is so much produced because of all the uses, household and industrial bleach, production of solvents, paper products, dyes, textiles, medicines, insecticides, paints, refrigerants and plastics, particularly the plastic polyvinyl chloride (PVC), extractor for metal ions in compounds, and disinfection for water systems
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At room temperature iodine is solid and gray but when heated iodine transfers straight from a gray solid to a violet purple gas. Iodine is found primarily in seawater, sea weed, old salt brines and salt wells, and costal sand and nitrate deposits. Iodine is formed similar to bromine; chlorine oxidizes the iodide ion (I-) found in seaweed into iodine (I) (McQuarrie, 2007). Silver iodide (AgI) and calcium diiodate (Ca(IO3)2) are the most common minerals of iodine. Although pure iodine is toxic, elemental iodine is combined with potassium or sodium to create medicines and surgical antiseptics (Black, 2001). Silver iodide (AgI) is used in chemicals of dark room photography and in cloud seeding, and iodine is added to table salt. Like fluorine and chlorine iodine is essential to the human body. Iodine is a plays a key role in the function of thyroid hormones. An iodine deficiency will cause goiter, a thyroid deficiency disease where there is swelling of the neck due to an enlarged thyroid gland. The thyroid gland enlarges in order to produce more iodine. This can be treated with potassium iodide (KI).
Astatine was not featured in the Interchapter but it is considered part of the halogen group. Astatine is a dark colored, metallic solid. Astatine is highly radioactive and is produced synthetically by blasting bismuth (Bi) with alpha particles, it can be obtained naturally from thorium (Th) or uranium (U) decay (David, 2013). The most stable
At this point the identity of the unknown compound was hypothesized to be calcium nitrate. In order to test this hypothesis, both the unknown compound and known compound were reacted with five different compounds and the results of those reactions were compared. It was important to compare the known and unknown compounds quantitatively as well to ensure that they were indeed the same compound. This was accomplished by reacting them both with a third compound which would produce an insoluble salt that could be filte...
In this experiment, column chromatography and thin layer chromatography were used to separate a mixture of fluorene and 9-fluorenone. These two methods were then compared, and the results were analyzed. In column chromatography, 0.1010 g of mixture was separated. During the separation, fluorene eluted first. This compound was white in color once dried with the rotary evaporator. A percent yield of 93.47% was calculated for fluorene. The product that eluted first was confirmed to be fluorene by the IR spectrum obtained and the experimental melting point. The IR spectrum RM-02-CC1 was the spectrum obtained for this compound. Aromatic carbon- hydrogen bonds, carbon-carbon double bonds and hydrogens attached to sp2 carbons were shown by peaks 3038
In our experiment we utilized the hydrate cobaltous chloride. Hydrates are crystalline compounds in which one or more molecules of water are combined with each unit of a salt. Cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate is an inorganic compound which is a deep rose color in its hydrated form. As an inducer of
Silver chloride is an ionic chemical compound with the chemical formula, AgCl. Silver chloride has a electronegativity of 1.4 and is known be rather, extremely low with regards to water solubility. It has a density if 5.56 gm/cm3, a melting point of 455 degrees and a boiling point of 1,547 degrees and the state of this compound is solid in room temperature. When heated, AgCl converts to silver and chlorine, which is evident by the greyish or purplish prominence of the compound.
In part A, a strong acid, HCl, was added to the solution. HCl is a strong acid because it completely dissociates in a solution, therefore, it is highly reactive. The negative Cl- ions reacted with the positive metal cations in the
Teflon is resistant to strong acids, bases, heat, and solvents, which contributes to its many applications1
This element when becoming an isotope can become radioactive due to its high activity as a metal. In its natural state it is a soft metal and it has a shiny “ wax “ like silver/white color to it, it is so soft that a knife could cut through it without a problem.
In order to fully understand fluoride, and it's benefits, one must first have an adequate understanding of what the element fluorine is. According to Merriam-Webster, fluorine is a nonmetallic halogen element that is isolated as a pale yellowish flammable irritating toxic diatomic gas. And fluoride is basically the ionic form of the element, fluorine. It's essential role is to help the development of healthy teeth and bones. Fluoride is a trace mineral, meaning that our diet needs it in small amounts. According to the RDA (Recommended Daily Allowance), the adequate intake of fluoride for men is 4 mg per day, while women can ingest 3 mg per day, and children 4-8 years of age can consume 2.2 mg per day. We can get fluoride from many reliable sources. Some food sources include, fish, legumes and whole grains. But, nothing seems to scream fluoride quite like municipal water supply,
Depending on where the fluoride is applied, it can cause different effects. A M Helmenstine states that, when applied directly to teeth, ‘Fluoride [interacts] with hydroxyapatite to form a stronger compound that is less-susceptible to acid attack’ 3. The following is an extract from ScienceLine explaining how the fluoride prevents tooth decay. However, on the other hand, if fluorine is digested it has the potential to form hazardous compounds, in particular Hydrofluoric Acid (HF). An example of this is seen below, in a reaction that Sodium Fluoride partakes in with naturally occurring Hydrochloric Acid in the stomach;
The main reasons for adding fluoride to water is because of the pressure from industries like aluminum and pharmaceutical manufacturers. Addition of fluoride to water continues and it has become hard to go against these actions. This practice has been controversial right from the beginning. It was first added to water in 1940 by Grand rapid, mich to avoid dental cavities. Due to the same reason fluoridated toothpastes are being used. In 1969 world health organization advertised fluoridation, since then all the countries started adding fluoride to water. The American dental association, the world health organization and the British government emphasized that addition of fluoride to water will reduce the tooth decay and does not pose any threat to health.
The “miracles of science” has brought on an era of super materials that are unaffected by extreme conditions and provide us many overlooked benefits that are a part of our everyday life. Clothing that resists open fire and moisture, gasses used to fuel your automobiles air conditioner, to plastics that release that fried egg from the fry pan with perfection. These discoveries made by DuPont can arguably yield some of the most significant products made by man in the 21st century. One among the many products, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, aka Teflon) is a synthetic fluoropolymer that can be used in a wide range of products. It’s extremely low coefficient of friction, and very hydrophobic and lipophobic characteristics are highly desired in its uses in non-stick coatings in cookware, and food packaging such as microwave popcorn bags. This characteristic is the cause of the aggregate effect of carbon-flouride bonds.
In terms of polarity we discovered that magnesium oxide ,calcium carbonate and “ unknown 2” are polar enough to dissolve in water and not dissolve in hexane. Salicylic acid ,benzoic acid and “unknown 1” have similar polarities as both did not dissolve in water and hexane. As for pH, the salicylic and benzoic acid crystals were extremely acidic. Magnesium oxide was slightly acidic while calcium carbonate was slightly basic. In terms of the unknowns, both were neutral.
daily lives, for years. On the early history of chlorine, chlorine was first discovered back in the thirteen century and it was used first by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilem Scheele mentioned on the introduction in 1774. Most serious health threats are said not to be caused by chemicals, but by very infectious organisms or bacteria in water that we drink and use in our daily basis. Chlorine is a major disinfectant that is cheap and kills most of the serious disease-causing bacteria in the water. However, chlorine disinfection results in a wide variety of by-products. One class of chlorination by-products, known as trihalomethanes (THM 's), are suspected carcinogens. Because of concern about these by-products in the water supply, chlorine is now kept to minimum levels, and other methods of disinfection are being used more frequently. Chloramines form more stable disinfectants and pose less risk of harmful by-products, but cost more to use. Other methods focus on removing the organisms through coagulation, sedimentation, and improved filtration. The functions of chlorination are to disinfect water or wastewater, decolorize waters or fabrics, sanitize and clean surfaces, remove iron and manganese, and reduce odors. However, the odor of certain compounds, such as some phenolics, is aggravated through a reaction with chlorine. Certain soluble metals can be made insoluble through oxidation by chlorine (soluble Fe2+ is oxidized to insoluble Fe3+), making the metal easier to remove through sedimentation or
found in nature as well as produced chemically but, there are few that are safe