Introduction: Today in many industrial processes, it is important to measure fluid flow rate within a system as a whole or in part accurately. This applies equally to both liquid and gasses equally (e.g. carbon dioxide, nitrogen, liquors and etc.) which are an integral part of the process, or to compress air, water or steam which are a fundamental to plant operation. The installation of any flow meter can be explained in two ways. Firstly, the process control where the flowmeter is used to measure the rate of fluid or energy flow to allow the process to be controlled and so to be certain that the end product is of the required quality. Second is the cost allocation where energy is used to provide process or space heating, it is fundamental to know where the costs associated with energy are actually being incurred. The cost of energy are allocated to a particular product, department or other user by flowmetering which usually result in a significant reduction in total energy costs. The advantage of measuring flow is that it can allocate heating costs. Not only that, it also improve process control, identify major energy users, monitor the results of process changes, check on steam boiler efficiency, identifying energy patterns through the day and provide management information. In the world today, orifice plates are still the most used type of flowmeter. The main reason why they are used over the other flowmeters is due to the fact that they offer cost benefits, especially in larger line size, and have proved to be rugged, reliable and effective over many years. Orifice plate continues to provide a very competitive solution where a need exists for a rugged, cost effective flow meter which has a turndown of not more than 4:1... ... middle of paper ... ...erefore a result can be very precise but inaccurate. So, experiment which has an accurate answer is said to be more successful experiment rather then an experiment which has precise value but inaccurate answer. Conclusion: To sum up, this experiment have proven that there will always be loss in the system but the system can be made more efficient to minimize the loss and therefore reducing the cost. The experiment carried out to determine the volume flow rate of experimentally and theoretically showed that there are some errors in the experiment when the experimental value was compared with the theoretical value. One of the most obvious possibility of an error that may have occurred during the experiment was the human error. However, these errors can be reduced by repeating the experiment for more than two times and also if possible by using better equipment’s.
In this experiment, there were several objectives. First, this lab was designed to determine the difference, if any, between the densities of Coke and Diet Coke. It was designed to evaluate the accuracy and precision of several lab equipment measurements. This lab was also designed to be an introduction to the LabQuest Data and the Logger Pro data analysis database. Random, systematic, and gross errors are errors made during experiments that can have significant effects to the results. Random errors do not really have a specific cause, but still causes a few of the measurements to either be a little high or a little low. Systematic errors occur when there are limitations or mistakes on lab equipment or lab procedures. These kinds of errors cause measurements to be either be always high or always low. The last kind of error is gross errors. Gross errors occur when machines or equipment fail completely. However, gross errors usually occur due to a personal mistake. For this experiment, the number of significant figures is very important and depends on the equipment being used. When using the volumetric pipette and burette, the measurements are rounded to the hundredth place while in a graduated cylinder, it is rounded to the tenth place.
The effectiveness with which inputs are transferred into outputs is referred to as operating efficiency Talluri (2013). Operating efficiency will be impacted whenever a new service is introduced. Since Midas never did the engine tune-up work, it needs to first train all
...ore reliable if it were possible to do more trials to make sure that the data that was found was correct. This experiment could’ve been more reliable if some mistakes weren’t made like, the inaccuracy of weighing and measuring the potatoes. This could have affected the results by throwing off all the data and giving numbers that were nowhere near accurate. Another mistake that could’ve been made was the amount of solution put into each test tube. Some of the test tubes may have had to little or not enough of its solution. Some ways to fix both of these problems would be to weigh and measure each potato core more than once which is not what was done. A way to fix the inaccuracy of the amount of salt water put into each test tube would be to measure the solutions into a different container to make sure it’s an accurate measurement, then pouring it into the test tube.
The Darby Company is re-evaluating its current production and distribution system in order to determine whether it is cost-effective or if a different approach should be considered. The company produces meters that measure the consumption of electrical power. Currently, they produce these meters are two locations – El Paso, Texas and San Bernardino, California. The San Bernardino plant is newer, and therefore the technology is more effective, meaning that their cost per unit is $10.00, while the El Paso plant produces at $10.50. However, the El Paso plant has a higher capacity at 30,000 to San Bernardino’s 20,000. Once manufactured, the meters are sent to one of three distribution centers – Ft. Worth, Texas, Santa Fe, New Mexico and Las Vegas. Due to the proximity of El Paso to Ft. Worth, they are only plant to ship to Ft. Worth. The costs associated with each shipment are described in detail in Appendix 2.2A. From these distribution centers, meters are shipped to one of nine customer zones. The Ft. Worth center services Dallas, San Antonio, Wichita and Kansas City, the Santa Fe center services Denver, Salt Lake City, and Phoenix, and the Las Vegas center ships to Los Angeles and San Diego.
The purpose of the lab was to show the effect of temperature on the rate of
One possible source of experimental error could be not having a solid measurement of magnesium hydroxide nor citric acid. This is because we were told to measure out between 5.6g-5.8g for magnesium hydroxide and 14g-21g for citric acid. If accuracy measures how closely a measured value is to the accepted value and or true value, then accuracy may not have been an aspect that was achieved in this lab. Therefore, not having a solid precise measurement and accurate measurement was another source of experimental error.
Process costing System is an accounting expression which describes one method to determine the manufacturing costs to the units manufactured . Processing is typically used when similar units are mass produced. Also process costing system is a type of accounting process costing which is used to determine the cost of a produced inventory. Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) defines process costing as " The costing method applicable where goods or services result from a sequence of continuous or repetitive operations or processes. Costs are average over the units produced during the period, being initially charged to the operation or process "( College Accounting Coach, 2007). Process costing is more important and appropriate for all businesses producing identical products during which production is an ongoing flow. Toyota is on the of the major companies in the world that used well-known new philosophic management to produce identical products using process costing system.
This chart shows the relationship between the fanning friction factor and the Reynolds number over a wide range of flow rates, from which the roughness parameter (e/D) for the piping system can be estimated.
Another example of a systematic error that might have taken place during this experiment could have been that the room temperature water could have been in flux due to the fact that the temperature of the room may not have been constant and therefore the temperature of the room temperature water could have changed. This error could have been prevented by making sure that there were no occasional blasts of cold or warm air coming into the room that the experiment would be taking place
...he principle numbers of Froude, Reynolds and Weber. Mathematical model predicts the heat and mass transfer in numerical framework for both transports phenomena of relevance to the industry continuous casting tundish system. Additionally, it has an excellent agreement outlet temperature respond the step input temperatures in the inlet stream of water in the tundish model. The simulations of 8x8 grid and 16x16 grid are applied to obtain significant difference between the TAV maps in which both grids are computed by software represent the specific flow of the fluid in the model and the steel caster as the actual size system. Therefore, the physical and mathematical modeling is used as a guidance to build a model before the prototype is constructed in terms of calculation, measurement and determination of specific fluid flow, heat and mass transfer in the water model.
There is also the potential of human error within this experiment for example finding the meniscus is important to get an accurate amount using the graduated pipettes and burettes. There is a possibility that at one point in the experiment a chemical was measured inaccurately affecting the results. To resolve this, the experiment should have been repeated three times.
Possible sources of error in this experiment include the inaccuracy of measurements, as correct measurements are vital for the experiment.
For example: with the increase of the number of products produced, the cost of operating a machine also increase. Second we have batch level costs which is associated with batches; producing a multiple units of the same product that are processed together is called a batch. The third type is product level costs which arise from any activity in order to support the production of products. The fourth and the last type is facility level costs, this costs cannot be determined with a particular unit, product or batch; this costs are fixed with respect to batches, products and number of units produced. A single measure of volume is used for allocating costs to each service or product in traditional method for example: direct material cost, machine hours, direct labor cost and direct labor hours. A cost driver is an activity that generate costs, it can be generated by two types of costs the first is a particular machine 's running costs where the costs is driven by production volume as machine hours; the second is quality inspection costs where the cost is driven by the number of times the relevant activity occurs as the number of
Hydrometer test is needed as more than 10 % of soil sample passes the 63 µ m sieve (BS 1377-2:1990). It covers the quantitative determination of the particle size distribution in a soil from coarse sand size to clay size. Particles settle under gravity during testing (Head, 1984). The results of hydrometer analysis can be referred to Appendix C1. The calibrations which used in the hydrometer analysis and water viscosity are shown in Appendix C2 and Appendix C3.
The void fraction can be found by measuring the resistance of a volume of the fluid between two probes, as the resistance between the two probes increases as the air content increases. In order to adequately measure the movement of air pockets and air bubbles a vertical array of co-located pressure and aeration transducers was required. To measure wave impact void fractions in the field the aeration transducers must withstand storm conditions, operate over a range of temperature and salinity variations, and be appropriately attached to the coastal structure. Hence the development of field wave impact aeration gauges was a substantial problem.