Saeeid Tahmasbi Oskuii [et al.[1]] titled “Comparative study on low-power high-performance flip-flops” - factors to evaluate the overall performance of the flip flop viz., High speed, low power consumption, robustness and noise stability, small area and less number of transistors, supply voltage scalability, low glitch probability, large internal race immunity, insensitivity to clock edge, insensitivity to process variables, less internal activity when data activity is low.Latches and flip flops and the salient difference in their working is explained. Terms such as propagation delay, setup and hold time and their significance are explained. Differences between static and dynamic flip flops are explained. Effects of Charge sharing as the most common cause of dynamic flip flop failure is explained. Similarly the single edge and double edge triggered flip flops are touched upon as already discussed in (et al. [3]).Single ended flip-flop and differential flip flops are mentioned. The performance …show more content…
To improve the energy efficiency and performance a push-pull D flip flop and push pull isolation D flip flop are suggested. Among the five DFF’s compared, the push–pull isolation circuit is found to be the fastest with the best energy efficiency. To improve performance of a conventional DFF, an inverter and transmission gate are added between outputs of master and slave latches to accomplish a push–pull effect at the slave latch, i.e., between the input and output nodes of the output inverter which will be driven to opposite logic values during switching. This adds four MOSFET’s, but reduces the clock-to-output delay from 2 gates in a conventional D flip flop to one gate. To optimize the push–pull D flip flop for energy usage, two p-MOSFETS are then added to isolate the feedback
This case arose when I went out of town on my first business trip. I have been a sales trainee for the last six weeks, and my supervisor felt it was time to send me out. I was lucky enough to get sent with the number one sales rep for the company, Vince Collier. I was excited because I knew that if I was going to learn the best ways to make a sale, it would be with Vince.
On average, the processor spends 56%, 73%, 83% and 71% of the run time in P1-C1-P3-C1 states for SYSmark 3D Modeling, E-Learning, Office Productivity and Video Creation and on an average, it spends 73%, 81%, 90% and 84% of run time in P1-P3 states respectively. As we discussed in the earlier section that the process technology T1 that exhibits lower Pleak at lower VDD and Fmax ranges will lead lower total power consumption in exchange for higher Pleak at Fmax > FmaxTDP that can rarely happen for processors running multiple applications
Reliability is one of the most important factors in circuit design. For modern CMOS technology, the circuit reliability is influenced by the shrinking of technology, the reduced supply voltage, higher frequency, and higher circuit density. These factors affects the circuit's probability of soft errors (also called single event upset). In addition, the process variation introduced in the fabrication process is also a big challenge for circuit designers because it makes the same circuit show different characteristics. Moreover, to reduce power consumption of the circuit, the method of reducing supply voltage to near threshold region is used, which is anticipated to have more effects on the reliability of the circuit. So the relationship between single event effect and process variation under near-threshold supply voltage should be analyzed and discussed.
1. What is a price taker? Discuss the assumptions that are made in order to obtain the perfectly competitive model.
Uses of futures contract highlight the importance of existence of future markets. However, from the beginning, manipulation is rampant in a futures market (Markham, 1991). Manipulation is blamed since it disturbs two primary functions of futures market, which are risk transfer and price discovery. Manipulation distorts price discovery by forcing improper motive other than legitimate demand and supply. As a result, manipulation reduces the efficiency in futures market. Regulators, therefore, are set to prevent the spread of manipulation but it turned out that the regulators were not able to stop the manipulation. The main reason for unsuccessfulness was that neither regulations nor acts have clear definition of manipulation.
Given the extensive use of technology in today’s world, the energy consumed by computers and other electronic devices is a concern. It is estimated that the IT industry is responsible for over two percent of the carbon dioxide emissions released globally; this is approximately equal to that of the airline industry (“Dell aims to prove,” 2008). Manufacturers such as Dell make powerful computer processors whose energy use far outpaces the improved usefulness of the processor (“Dell aims to prove,” 2008). In addition, consumers usually leave their PCs running and companies leave their servers running nearly all the time, wasting a great deal of ...
Generally, to have a valid contract, there must be (1) offer; (2) acceptance; (3) consideration; (4) parties have capacity to execute contract; and (5) it is a legally enforceable contract. (Miller, 2013). Offer is an objective manifestation by the offeror to execute a contract which gives the power of acceptance to the offeree. (Miller, 2013). Acceptance is an objective manifestation by the offeree to accept the contract. (Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co., 1892). Also, consideration exists by bargained-for-exchange between the offeror and offeree. (Labriola v. Pollard Group, Inc., 2004). Lastly, movable goods are governed by Uniform Commercial Code (U.C.C., 2003). U.C.C. has specific rules for auction contracts. An offer is accepted when
Power consumption is an important issue in modern FPGA’s. Greater performance and complexity has led to higher power dissipation per chip, while the use of deep sub-micron processes has resulted in higher static power in the forms of sub-threshold leakage and gate leakage. Heating solutions for devices with high power dissipation is expensive. If FPGA’s are to be used in portable devices, power consumption needs to be reduced. -powered applications, high power consumption may prohibit the use of FPGA altogether. Consequently, solutions for reducing FPGA power are needed. In this work, I propose a programmable dual-VDD architecture in which the supply voltage of the logic blocks and routing blocks are programmed to reduce power consumption by assigning low-VDD to non-critical paths in the design, while assigning high-VDD to the timing critical paths in the design to meet timing constraints. Evaluation of the effectiveness of different VDD assignment algorithms and architectural implementations show that reducing the supply voltage selectively to the non-critical paths provides significant power savings with minimal impact on performance
“Bi-Level Game Approaches for Coordination of Generation and Transmission Expansion Planning Within a Market Environment,” Power Systems, IEEE Transactions Vol. 28, pp. 2639 – 2650, 2013
From the above example, it is evident that those trading on the basis of insider information have an opportunity to enter and exit at the correct time. Finally, when the news goes public, the stock goes back to its realistic price level.
Many different approaches are used to reduce power consumption at the circuit level design. Some of the main techniques are Transistor Sizing, Voltage Scaling, Voltage Islands, Multiple Threshold Voltages and Power Gating. There is a negative effect with each power optimisation technique used at the expense of performance or area. Rabaey (1996) states that Transistor Sizing (TS) technique is used to adjust the size of each transistor (smallest element in the digital system) or gate (group of transistors) for minimum power at the expense of the performance of the gate. Rabaey also states that transistor size is changed only if its place is not critical and it will not affect the whole circuit performance. Another Technique proposed by Pillai, Shin, & Arbor (2001) for power optimisation is Real-time Dynamic Voltage Scaling (RT-DVS) which it is dedicated for embedded computing systems. RT-DVS technique is exploiting the hardware characteristics of processors to reduce energy dissipation by lowering the supply voltage and operating frequency. Pillai, Shin, & Arbor also show that this RT-DVS algorithm closely approach the theoretical lower bound on energy consumption, and can easily reduce energy consumption 20% to 40% in an embedded real-time system. On the other hand the later will be affected by lowering speed of the overall system when using voltage scaling technique (Tawfik & Kursun 2009). Another technique called Voltage Island comes to solve the problem of the RT-DVS technique which different blocks can be run at different voltages for saving power in a non-critical island/block (Puri et al. 2005). Puri et al. also show that Voltage Island may require the use of level-shifters (to change the voltage supply level) when two block...
Microprocessor and DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) technology are headed in different directions: the former increases in speed while the latter increases in capacity. This technological difference has led to what is known as the Processor-Memory Performance Gap. This performance gap, which is growing at about 50% per year, creates a serious bottleneck to the overall system performance [Pat97].
Towards the beginning of the 21st century, For the design of the electronic system enormous efforts have been undertaken. For defence, space, automatic control of industrial processes and medical diagnostics, where two parts namely microprocessor and microsensor actively works during the function of microelectronic device[9-11].Aggressive progress in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit technology has allowed device performance and speed to meet marketdemand. One such attempt to meet this demand is the continual...
The number of Electrical and electronic devices running on electricity are increasing at a rapid rate. At the same time the amount of electricity utilized by these devices is also increasing at high rate due to increased complexity in applications which are to be executed, thus overall electric utilization is increasing. Further wastage and over utilization became a concern making power efficiency of a device even more essential. Thus amount of power needed to run an application or execute a command becomes one of the main constraint of the device's efficiency. This is the area which is to be focused because of growing operational costs on servers. In this report we will discuss in brief about various techniques used for power management and our topic of interest along with their merits and demerits. We recommend some of the solutions for existing problems.
In a modern VLSI design aims to design a on chip components with low power, High Speed and with reduced size. All components in a digital designs like flip flops, counters need of frequency references and frequency sources. A Resonator will fulfil these requirements. We design and analysed a novel three types resonators as follows Temperature Compensated Resonator, Comb Drive Resonator, Piezoelectric Resonator. The design and analysis are all done in FEM (Finite Element Method) analysis tool.