NOTES
Characteristics
Flatworms are parasitic unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical worms that lack a coelom but that do have three germ layers. Some forms are free living but many are parasitic. Flatworms have a cephalized nervous system that consists of head ganglion(brain), usually attached to longitudinal nerve cords that are interconnected across the body by transverse branches. Flatworms lack a respiratory or circulatory system, these functions take place by absorption through the body wall. Nonparasitic forms have a simple, incomplete gut, even this is lacking in many parasitic species. Most types of flatworms are called Parasitic tapeworms and flukes.
Examples of Animals in Phylum:
Tapeworms(parasitic)
Tapeworms, Class Cestoda, are creatures that live as mature organisms that live on a host. These hosts include cats, dogs, cows, whales, and humans. Human hosts usually occur when uncooked, infected meat is eaten, or by ingesting the eggs. Human infection with a common dog tapeworm is transmitted by infected fleas, and is most commonly seen in children.
Immature larval tapeworms may be found in various tissues throughout the body, where they may cause numerous symptoms. Clinical symptoms are usually diarrhea, nausea, and weakness. Also, the health of the person may be compromised. Tapeworms may also disable a person’s ability to absorb vitamin B12.
Flukes(parasitic)
Flukes, Class Trematoda, are mostly internal parasites of animals, particularly vertebrates. In fluke life cycles, eggs are shed into the intestine or bladder for quick exit into water. An egg hatches into a larva, which swims about until it finds a snail (clam in a few cases) of the correct species and then burrows into it. The larva then begins multiplying using the snail's resources. The final stage is a sac of free-swimming larvae, called cercaria, which then burrow out of the snail and go swimming after their next host. Almost every species of vertebrate animal has flukes that are adapted for life in its organs. ( blood flukes, lung flukes, bladder flukes, liver flukes, and often several kinds of intestinal flukes)
Planarians
Planarians, Class Turbellaria, a name that comes from the water currents stirred up by the ciliate surface of free-living flatworms. There are many kinds of turbellarians living in virtually all watery habitats. Planarians have a three-branched digestive system with many pockets, increasing the area for digestion and absorption of food. The digestive system fills the worm's body, so there is no need for a circulatory system to transport nutrients. During reproduction, planarians exchange sperm, and fertilization occurs internally.
The history of the Mormon Church goes back to 1863 when its founder, Joseph Smith, II, claimed to have a vision of the angel Moroni, who appeared to him in upper New York State and instructed him to interpret ancient writings on gold plates. The Mormon doctrine states that Jesus, after His resurrection, appeared to the Native Americans. The accounts with the Native Americans were transcribed onto the gold plates according to Moroni, the messenger. One doctrine of the Mormon Church, The Pearl of Great Price, shares a lot of the private journals of founder Joseph Smith. Founder Smith recalls, "He called me by name, and said that he was a messenger...and that his name was Moroni...," (Pearl. II:33) This is one of the main cornerstones of the Mormon doctrine. The Mormon Church had its beginnings from New York and traveled to Kirtland, Ohio, then on to Spring Hill (Independence), Missouri, and finally traveled back to Nauvoo, Illinois. It was at Nauvoo where on, Jun 27, 1844, Joseph Smith, III, his brother Hyrum Smith and friend John Taylor were ambushed at the Nauvoo-Carthage Jail. In the course of events that transpired, Joseph and Hyrum w...
Anderson, D. (2013, march 21). “Brain Worms” (Meningeal Worm) Infestation in Llamas and Alpacas. http://www.vet.utk.edu/news/story/brain-worm-(meningeal-worm)-infestation-in-llamas-and-alpacas.html
Schistosomiasis is a parasite. This parasite is a worm that you get through contaminated water. Urine and feces usually contaminate the water. The worm goes in to your body and migrates to the bladder, rectum, liver, lungs, spleen, intestines and some veins. After the worm migrates to these places this is where it matures and lays its eggs. The disease has the ability to lay two thousand to three thousand eggs per day and can live for twenty years. There are five different kind of Schistosomiasis that effect humans, these different kinds are; S. mansoni, S. Heamatobium, S. japonicum, S. intercalatum and S. mekongi. There are also other kinds of Schistosomiasis that occasionally infect humans, there are; S. bovis, S. mathei, and some avian schistosomes.
Through characterization, both authors illustrate their view on the American Dream. Using George as a catalyst in Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck shows how the working class of the United States strives for something better and works hard to attain their dream. “O.K. Someday – we’re gonna get the jack together and we’re gonna have a little house and a couple of acres an’ a cow and some pigs and-…” (14) George’s conversations with Lennie involving the farm that they are trying to buy show that George will not give up his pursuit of a better life, no matter what obstacles slow him down. Steinbeck also shows how friendship is part of the American Dream through George always sticking by Lennie, despite...
Flatworms belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes. They have the simplest body plan of all bilaterally symmetrical animals. They are called flatworms because their bodies are compressed. The mouth is the only opening into the digestive cavity the flatworms have. Food is taken in through this hole and wastes are discharged also through this hole. Flatworms have a well-defined nervous, muscular, excretory, and reproductive system. The flatworm distributes the food it digests through a digestive tube that branches throughout all of its body parts. The fact that the worm’s body is flat serves many purposes. It allows the worm to hid in small spaces, to fit into the opening of other animals if the worm is parasitic, and it means that all the cells are close enough to the surface for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment (Meinkoth 399).
...e lowest level accommodates for thieves, murderers, adulterers,, etc. The middle heaven is for good non-Mormons and Mormons who lacked total obedience to the LDS faith and commandments. The highest level is for devout Mormons, who go on to become gods of their own planets and universes.
They belive that Joseph Smith was called to be a prophet for the church and given the task of translating the book of mormon. The Book of Mormon is Another testament of Jesus Christ, similar to the Bible. He soon founded his own church and began converting people to his faith. Soon persecuted for their beliefs, they left New York moving first to Ohio, then Missouri, and finally Nauvoo, Illinois where they lived for five years. At that time, an anti-Mormon lynch mob found and killed Joseph and his brother Hyrum Smith. Brigham Young then became Smith's successor as the second prophet of the church, and led the Mormons away to Utah where they settled at Salt- Lake-
Actually, “Mormon” is just a nickname for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. (Another nickname is the acronym LDS) A cursory glance at the church’s full name contains Christ’s name. By the very name of their church, members state their belief in Christ.
The botfly is a regular family of flies that has the horrific habit of growing their larvae on the skin...
The American Dream is an impractical feat to seize. In John Steinbeck’s novel, Of Mice and Men, two best friends discover the hardships of the Great Depression in Salinas Valley, California. George is a short, intelligent, hard worker. The foil to George’s character is his best friend, Lennie, who is tall, unintelligent, and mentally challenged. Lennie is holding George back from achieving the American Dream. As the novella continues, different views of individual’s dreams are revealed. Steinbeck uses a variety of themes throughout the novella but they all relate to the main theme; that the American Dream is unachievable.
Bushman, Claudia L., and Richard L. Bushman. Building the Kingdom: a History of Mormons in America. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2001. Print.
In an American society, many people settle in the United States of America in hopes of seeking the American Dream, which is the freedom of life, equality, and the aspiration to accomplish individual goals in life. Any person that has lived through the great depression has had their life drastically changed by many hard obstacles that had to be fought in order to sustain an excellent life. Some of the crucial themes of the novel Of Mice and Men is that having your own dream attains ambition, companionship, and assurance, allowing one to succeed in life with meaning and importance. Three major examples show this idea. John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men divulges the longing for friendship, the desperation for the American Dream, and the cruelty of humanity through the creation of his two main characters, George and Lennie.
Merriam-Webster defines ‘parasite’ as ‘an organism that lives in or on another organism and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host 's expense’.
The great stories behind The Old Man and the Sea are what make it so wonderful. Because of this novels success released in 1952, it helped Hemingway ring in the Nobel Prize for 1954 for Hemingway (Hurse). He had a way of writing a good hearted, high spirited hero, who seemed in many ways to be at one with nature and himself. It is believed that Hemingway conjured up the character Santiago from a 92 year old man who crossed to Florida with other Cuban refugees (Baker 910). This makes sense considering Santiago is the main character, who is of old age. His characters although having many great qualities, still had struggles. Santiago is the man of hour, when speaking of The Old Man and the Sea. H...
In skin tissues the larvae mature into adults, which commonly exist in nodules in skin connective tissues