Fire and thermal properties of PA 66 resin treated with poly-N- aniline- phenyl phosphamide as a flame retardant Wenyan Lyu ABSTRACT In this study, a halogen-free phosphorous–nitrogen synergistic flame retardant, poly-N-aniline-phenyl phosphamide (PDPPD), was synthesized. The Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and elements analysis data confirmed the structure of PDPPD. The essential flame retardant of FR PA66 was polymerized with PA66 pre-polymer and PDPPD pre-polymer, prepared from PDPPD and adipic acid. The limit oxygen index and UL-94 test results of the flame retardant of FR PA66 reached 28% and V-0, respectively, when the contents of PDPPD pre-polymer were 4.5 wt%. The thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry results demonstrated that the initial decomposition temperature of flame retardant of FR PA66 was 43 °C lower than that of pristine PA66 from 385 to 342 °C; however, the peak decomposition temperature was 36 °C higher than that of pure PA66 from 437 to 473 °C, when the contents of PDPPD pre-polymer reached 4.5 wt%. Flame retardant mechanism was studied by cone calorimeter and SEM-EDX, confirming that the HRR, THR, and TSP decreased slightly, and PDPPD functions according to the gas phase flame retardant mechanism. KEYWORDS: flame retardant; thermal properties; PA66 resin; …show more content…
First, A (3.348 g, 0.031 mol) and triethylamine (6.060 g, 0.060 mol) were added to a glass flask. Then, B (5.850 g, 0.030 mol) was added dropwise to the resulting reaction mixture over a period of 2 h, and the temperature was maintained at 5 °C. The reaction mixtures were carefully maintained at 80 °C for another 5 h. Finally, the reaction mixture was washed with diethyl ether, separated by reduced pressure suction filtration, and dried in a vacuum oven at 100 °C for 12 h to afford a white solid powder, namely, poly-N-aniline-phenyl phosphamide (PDPPD) in 93%
Z Qin et al modified ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and compared the effect of modification on flame retardant properties of polypropylene along with dipentaerythritol (DPER). The incorporation of modified ammonium polyphosphate (IMAPP) with dipentaerythritol (DPER) at 25 % loading produced LOI 32% with V-0 rating while unmodified APP had LOI 26% and V-1 rating. IMAPP also significantly decreased the PHRR and THR and contributed to the formation of compact intumescent
Discussion The reaction of (-)-α-phellandrene, 1, and maleic anhydride, 2, gave a Diels-Alder adduct, 4,7-ethanoisobenzofuran-1,3-dione, 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-5-methyl-8-(1-methylethyl), 3, this reaction gave white crystals in a yield of 2.64 g (37.56%). Both hydrogen and carbon NMR as well as NOESY, COSY and HSQC spectrum were used to prove that 3 had formed. These spectroscopic techniques also aided in the identification of whether the process was attack via the top of bottom face, as well as if this reaction was via the endo or exo process. These possible attacks give rise to four possible products, however, in reality due to steric interactions and electronics only one product is formed.
The most common form of polyethylene is petroleum based or olefins based; as before mentioned polyethylene compounds have a wide commercial applicability and are made from non-renewable resources (Harding, Dennis, von Blottnitz, Harrison, & S.T.L., 2007). Its manufacturing processes are regarded as energy intensive and release significant amount of CO2 and heat into the atmosphere (Broderick, 2008). Next a little more detailed description of polyethylene’s production processes will be presented, with a focus on the way the material inputs are extracted and synthesized.
Ethylene, H2 C = CH2, the lightest olefin. It is a colorless, flammable gas, produced mainly by thermal decomposition in the presence of steam (steam cracking) from petroleum-based raw materials. Ethylene has virtually no direct inhalation, but almost exclusively acts as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals, especially plastics. Polyethylene, which is the most commonly used plastic, is directly produced from ethylene by its polymerization. Ethylene can also be chlorinated or combined with benzene to produce 1,2-dichloroethane, a precursor of plastic polyvinyl chloride to produce ethylbenzene, which is another important plastic used in the manufacture of polystyrene. Lesser amounts of ethylene are oxidized to produce chemicals containing ethylene oxide,
The isomerization procedure was done in order to create dimethyl fumarate from dimethyl maleate. Dimethyl maleate and dimethyl fumarate are cis and trans isomers, respectively. This procedure was done via a free radical mechanism using bromine. The analysis of carvones reaction was done in order to identify the smell and optical rotation of the carvone samples that were provided. The odor was determined by smelling the compound and the optical rotation was determined using a polarimeter.
Polyethylene (PE) is one of the most commonly used polymers which can be identified into two plastic identification codes: 2 for high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and 4 for low density polyethylene (LDPE). Polyethylene is sometimes called polyethene or polythene and is produced by an addition polymerisation reaction. The chemical formula for polyethylene is –(CH2-CH2)n– for both HDPE and LDPE. The formation of the polyethylene chain is created with the monomer ethylene (CH2=CH2).
Polyamides are either created by the reaction of a diacid with a diamine chemical change of lactams. They are either all aliphatic or aromatic. The aromatic polyamides known as aramids, have better solvent, flame and heat resistance, greater dimensional stability and higher strength, than the all aliphatic amides but a lot of pricey and tougher to produce. The two most important aromatic amides are poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide), called as Kevlar, and poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide). The fully aromatic structure and the hydrogon bonds between the aramid chains leads to high melting points, generally higher than their decomposition temperature > 750 K excellent flame, heat resistance and ultra high tensile strength at low weight.
Producing PVC requires the use of chlorine gas. PVC ranks the third in both global plastic output and consumption. Over 33 million tons of PVC is being produced each year and that figure is increasing annually. Around 57% of PVC’s mass is chlorine, so it requires less petroleum than many other polymers. (Thornton, 2002) PVC is strong, resistant to oil and chemicals, sunlight, weathering and flame resistant. It’s everywhere around us. PVC is an incredibly versatile material use in bottles, packaging, toys, construction materials, bedding, clothing, piping, wire coatings, imitation leather, furnishings and more.
Mold is a member of the fungi family. Since mold is part of the fungi family, it cannot use the sun to obtain energy. This means that mold has to use other plants or animals to grow. Even though they cannot see them, there are millions of mold spores in the air. These spores settle down and start to multiply which can be done rapidly or slowly as long as it has a food source. Mold usually grows best in warm environments, but it can still grow in cold environments also. Mold can cause illness such as vomiting or feeling nauseated when it is eaten or when it smells bad.
Azo compounds are those having R-N=N-R΄ functional group, where R and R΄ can be either aryl or alkyl. It is a derivative of Diazene (Diimide) NH=NH, where both the hydrogen replaced by hydrocarbonyl group e.g PhN=NPh (Azobenzene or diphenyldiazene). The N=N is called as azo group. As a consequence of π – delocalization phenyl azo compounds have vivid colour like red, yellow and orange, due to this, it is used as a dye and known as azo dye [3]. Azo compounds have been incorporated into a wide variety of materials and molecular architectures, dendrimers, polymers and molecular glasses. Due to clean and efficient photochemical isomerisation and substantial change in material properties during light irradiation it has been investigated as an active
Bromine containing derivatives of phosphonitrile chloride is a possible durable flame retardants for cotton fabrics.
Thermal properties of material (Tg, Tm, Td) are those properties that response to temperature. They can be studied by thermal analysis techniques including DSC, TGA, DTA and dielectric thermal analysis. The nanometer-sized of inorganic particles incorporated into the polymer matrix can improve thermal stability by acting as a superior thermal insulator and as a mass transport barrier to the volatile products generated during decomposition [117]. Khanna et al. [57] reported the thermal (TGA) analysis of the PVA/Ag nanocomposite. They observed that the decomposition profile starting at about 330 ◦C and continuing till about 430 ◦C. They also found the PVA/Ag nanocomposites have higher thermal stability than the PVA alone. Mbhele et al. [99] also observed that that the pure PVA starts decomposing at about 280 ◦C and
Unfortunately, the majority of the polymer investigations cited have been performed under the classic conditions of slow heating rates or isothermal conditions in vacuum environments. However, the residence time of a polymer element at the solid surface during the normal ignition and combustion of a propellant is usually in the order of milliseconds. Further more, the pressure level is normally several hundred pounds per square inch in most actual combustion environments. Then the direct application of the low-pressure isothermal decomposition data to the propellant combustion may be questionable [34, 35].
Synthetic plastics are used widely in food packaging, detergents, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and other chemicals’ packaging. Almost 30% of the synthetic plastics are used for packaging applications in the world and this rate is expanding at 12% per annum. They have replaced traditionally used papers and cellulose products for packaging purposes because of owing better physical and chemical properties. Polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene terephthalate) and nylon are most commonly used plastics. Plastics possess not only suitable thermal and mechanical properties but also better stability and durability. Plastics have attractive more public and media attention because of its durability and visibility in a litter as compared to other solid components. In 1993, total world consumption of this material was 107 million tons and it reached to 146 million tons in
"Polyesters - Terylene and PET." Polyesters - Terylene and PET. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 May 2014. .